
Class C\/_Ma 

Book. -L^i 



THE 

RULES OF GOLF 

Being the ST. ANDREWS Rules for the 
game, codified and annotated 



. ^ 



SiAj. NORMAN LOCKYER, C.B., F.R.S. 

AND 

W. RUTHERFORD 

BARKISTER-AT-LAW 
HONORARY SECRETARY, ST. GEORGe's GOLF CLUB 



NEW YORK 

MACMILLAN & CO. 

London: MACMILLAN & CO., Ltd. 

1896 



'^ 



^^y-^'- 



Copyright, 1896, 

BY 

MACMILLAN & CO. 



Jadge and Mrs. ^saac R.HItt 
July 3, 1933 



os'-asv/S 



^ 



PREFACE. 



^HE recent and rapid spread of Golf 
^ all over the world has rendered it 
desirable that an attempt should be made 
to frame a short handbook as a guide for 
beginners and others to the Rules and 
Customs of the Game. With this view we 
have compiled this little book. Much 
time and trouble have been expended by 
capable men on the framing of. the laws 
of the game, and the Code issued by 
the Royal and Ancient Golf Club, and 
commonly known and referred to as the 
St. Andrews Rules, is nearly universally 
received as authoritative, and as the 
embodiment of the best experience. 

Accepting the St. Andrews Rules as 
the best expression of the laws of the 
game, it occurred to us that, without 
touching their meaning or principle in 
the slightest degree, they were capable 
of being rearranged and classified in a 
manner that would make them simpler 
to the beginner. This we accordingly 
attempted, and in so doing we have been 
careful to make no alterations in the 
Rules, except clerical alterations which 

A 2 



4 PREFACE. 

the rearrangement seemed to us to ren- 
der necessary. It has been our endeavour 
to respect not only the meaning but the 
wording of each rule. It is true we have 
thought it desirable for the sake of clears 
ness to add some definitions, but these, 
when not copied from the St. Andrews 
Rules, are marked (New), and in no way 
change the meaning of any rule. From 
the same motive a few explanatory notes 
have been inserted. No authority is 
claimed for these notes,but great care has 
been taken to render them accurate. The 
Rules for Medal Play caused considerable 
difficulty, owing to the absence in many 
cases of express legislation. We have 
tried to remedy this by taking the Match 
Play Rules one by one and noting its 
application to Medal Play. Much of this 
is necessarily founded on inference, and 
when this is the fact it is so stated. Care 
has also here been taken to correct these 
inferences according to good opinions. 
It does not seem expedient that so much 
Medal Play law should be unwritten. 

Specimens of early Codes will be 
found in the Appendix, and a compari- 
son of these with the St. Andrews Rules 
will show that the process of law-making 
has been here too a "broadening down 
from precedent to precedent," and may, 



PREFACE. 5 

we hope, also suggest that an attempt at 
codification is in the interest of the Rules 
themselves. Specimens of local bye- 
laws which were accessible to us have 
been included, as these may be useful as 
precedents for new clubs. 

From this we regretted to have to omit 
the bye-laws of the Royal Wimbledon, 
and of the Royal Isle of Wight Clubs, 
but they each play under a Code of their 
own, instead of the St. Andrews Rules. 

With the object of furthering Match 
Play, we have included Rules and Forms 
for Match Play Tournaments. 

We have to thank Mr. A. J. Robert- 
son, the Editor of "Golf," for valuable 
suggestions and the loan of records, and 
also many friends whom we have con- 
sulted on certain points. 

In this Codification, requiring so 
many cross-references and inferences, 
errors have probably crept in, in spite of 
all care. We shall be glad to receive 
any corrections or suggestions. 

J. NORMAN LOCKYER. 
W. RUTHERFORD. 



December y 1895. 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



I. DEFINITIONS. 

PAGB 

1. The Game «. 15 

2. Method of Play 15 

3. A Stroke 15 

4. The Tee-shot 16 

5. A Side „ ... 16 

6. The Clubs.. .... 16 

7. A Tee 17 

8. The Teeing Ground 17 

9. „ ,, „ limits of ... 17 

10. The Course or Links 18 

11. The Course of a Hole 18 

12. The Green 18 

13. The Fair Green or Driving Course 18 

14. A Hazard 18 

15. A Bunker .- 18 

16. The Putting-Green 19 

17. The Hole « ... 19 

18. A Match ... ... 19 

19. A Bye 19 

20. The Honour ... ..« ... 20 

21. Rub of the Green... ..« .... 20 

22. Moving a Ball ... »«. ... 20 

23. Replacing a Ball 20 

24. Dropping a Ball ... 20 

25. Stymie 20 

26. Dormy .20 

27. Match Play and Medal Play ... 21 



CONTENTS. 

II. RULES FOR MATCH PLAY. 



Chapter I. Rules for the Order of 


Play. 


PAGE 


28. Beginning of game 21 


29. Order of play in a foursome 


.. 22 


30. Hole, how won 


.. 22 


31. Hole, how halved 


.. 22 


32.- Match, how won and halved 


■• 23 


33. Honour 


.. 23 


34. Honour in new match... 


.. 23 



Chapter II. Rules for the Play of 
THE Tee Shot from the Teeing 
Ground. 

35. Play to be within limits of ... 23 

36. Irregularities of surface remov- 

able 24 

37. Tee shot cancelled 24 

Chapter III. General Rules for the 
Play through the Fair Green, 
INCLUDING Hazards, and on the 
Putting Green. ^^^^ 

38. After Tee shot, ball furthest 

from hole played first ... 24 

39. Moving any implements left 

upon course ... ... ... 25 



CONTENTS. 

PAGB 

40. Moving any fog (moss), bent, 

whins, &c., to get view of ball 25 

41. Accident to a ball in motion ... 25 

42. Striking opponent, penalty, loss of 

hole 25 

43. Striking player, penalty, loss of hole 25 

44. Deflecting or stopping, to be played 

where it lies 25 

45. Lodging in moving object, to be 

dropped near place of lodgement... 26 

46. A ball must be played wherever 
it lies or the hole given up, 
except as under 26 

47. Ball may be changed , 26 

(i) Ball split. 

(2) Ball damaged. 

48. Ball may be lifted without penalty 
and replaced _ 20 

(i) Within six inches of another. 

(2) In three ball match, interfering 
with stroke. 

(3) Stuck fast in wet ground or sand. 

49. Ball" may be lifted without penalty 
and dropped _ 27 

(i) Touching or lying on implements, 
&c. 

(2) Lying in Golf holes or flag holes. 

(3) Displaced by outside agency while 
at rest. 

50. A penalty of one stroke is incurred ... 2o 

(1) Changing, touching, moving a 
ball. 

(2) Moving a ball when not in act of 
making a stroke. 

(3) Playing opponent's ball, 

(4) Ball in water. 



CONTENTS. 6 

PAGB 

51. The penalty of the loss of the 
bole is incurred as under 30 

52. The player's side shall lose the hole... 3*^ 
(r) Pressing down irregularities of 

surface. 

(2) Moving,bending or breaking any- 
thing fixed or growing near ball. 

(3) Pushing, scraping, spooning the 
ball, and striking twice. 

(4) Foursome player playing out of 
turn. 

(5) Lost ball. 

53. The side opposing the player shall 
lose the hole 3^ 

(i; Ball moved by opponent. 

54. A side shall lose the hole 

(i) Playing out a hole with wrong 3^ 
ball. 

Chapter IV. Special Rule for thb 
Fair Green or Driving Course. 

PAGE 

55. Moving loose impediments ... 32 

Chapter V. Special Rules for 
Hazards. 

PAGE 

56. Penalty of the loss of the hole 32-3 

57. Dropping ball lifted in Hazard 34 

58. Dropping behind Hazards ... 34 

Chapter VI. Special Rules for the 
Putting Green. page 

59. Flag - stick removed when 
approaching ... ... 34 



lO CONTENTS. 

PAGB 

60. Flag-Stick removed ball resting 
against it 34 

61. All loose impediments may be 
moved ... ... ... 35 

62. In three-ball match, ball inter- 
fering with stroke, to be holed out ... 35 

63. Knocking opponent's ball into 
hole 35 

64. Player's ball displacing op- 
ponent's ball 35 

65. Lifted ball to be replaced by 
hand 35 

66. Caddie may stand at hole ... 35 

67. Removing sand, &c 35 

68. The penalty of the loss of the 
hole is incurred ... ... ... 36 

(i) Marking putting-line to guide. 

(2) Shielding ball from or exposing it to 
wind. 

(3) Pressing down anything, or touching 
putting-line. 

69. The penalty of one stroke is 
incurred 36 

(i) Playing before opponent's ball has 
ceased to roll. 



Chapter VII. General Rules. 

PACK 

70. Asking advice 37 

71. Disputes 37 



CONTENTS. II 

III. RULES FOR MEDAL PLAY. 

PAGE 

27. Rules of Match Play applicable... 37 



Chapter I. Rules for the Order 
OF Play. 
30—32. Match Play Rules of Scor- 
ing inapplicable, and following sub- 
stituted 38 

(i) Scores, how marked. 

(2) Score, the winning. 

(3) Ties. 

33 and 34. Rules relating to the 
honour ... 39 

Chapter II. Rules for the Teeing 
Ground. 
35 and 37. Rules 35 and 37 (i), 
(2), and (3), variation of ... ... 39 

(i) Play outside limits involves dis- 
qualification. 

(2) Wrongly taking honour condoned by 
opponent. 

(3) Wrong partner playing — penalty, dis- 
qualification. 

Chapter III. Rules for the Play 
through the Fair Green, in- 
cluding Hazards, and on the 
Putting Green. ' .^„ 

PAGE 

38. Playing out of turn 39 

42. Player's ball striking other 
side — a rub of the Green 40 



12 CONTENTS. 

PAGB 

43. Player's ball striking himself — 
penalty, loss of stroke ... 40 

46. Penalty of loss of hole applied 
to Medal Play ... 40 

48, 49 and 50. Rules 48, 49 and 
50, variation of 41 

48 (i) Ball interfering with a stroke may 
be lifted ... 41 

49(3). Agency outside match ... ... 42 

50 (3) Rule as to exchanging balls applied 
to Medal Play 42 

50 (5). Lifting ball instead of playing it 
wherever it lies, penalty, two strokes... 4^ 

Penalty under Rules 51 to 54 and 
their sections applied to Medal Play, 
with exceptions — 

52 (3). Striking ball twice — penalty, one 

stroke 43 

52 (5). Ball lost — penalty, one stroke and 

distance 43 

53. Ball moved by opponent ... ... 44 

54. Playing out a hole with wrong ball... 44 

Chapter V. Special Rule for 
Hazards. 

56. Penaity under Hazard Rule 
;applied to Medal Play 44 

Chapter VI. Special Rules for 
THE Putting Green. 

PAGB 

59. Flag-Stick removed when play 
is on Puttmg Green ... ... ... 44 



CONTENTS. 13 

PAGE 

59 (2). AH balls to be holed out, 
or penalty^ — disqualification 45 

62. Holing out first, and option as to 45 

63. Query as to knocking opponent's 
ball into the hole 45 

64. Displaciog opponent's ball ... 45 
68. Query : Penalty of loss of hole 

under Rule 68 and its sections applied 

to Medal Play 45 

62>b. Playing on Putting Green 
before competing — penalty, dis- 
qualification 45 

Chapter VII. General. 

70. Asking advice 46 

71. Disputes to be determined by 
the Green Committee... 46 

72. New holes to be made 46 

73. Playing with a professional — 
penalty, disqualification 46 

74. Discontinuance of play — 
penalty, disqualification 46 

75. Breach of any rule— penalty, 
disqualification 46 



IV. ETIQUETTE OF GOLF. 47 



V. ST. ANDREWS RULES. 48 



14 



CONTENTS. 



APPENDICES. 

PAGB 

A. — Specimens of Old Codes .«, 6i 

B. — M Local Bye-aws ... 8i 

Supplementary Local Bye-laws 98 

0.— The Open Golf Championship... 99 

D.— The Amateur Golf Championship 102 

E. — Match Play Tournaments: Rules 

and Forms .., .« ... 106 

F. — Specimen Bogey Card m« — 114 



15 

THE RULES OF GOLF. 



I. DEFINITIONS. 

N. B.— The figures in brackets refer to the 
number under which the Rule will be found in 
the St. Andrews Rules, 

1. Golf is a game played by two or 
more sides, each playing its own ball. 
(Rule I.) 

2. The game consists in each side 
playing a ball by successive strokes with 
a club from a Tee or Teeing Ground over 
a course interrupted by hazards into a 
hole in a Putting Green. (Rule 2.) 

3. A stroke is any movement of the 
club, which is intended to strike the ball. 
The ball must be struck at fairly, and 
not pushed, scraped, or spooned. (Rule 
4.) A penalty stroke is a stroke added 
to the score of a side in consequence of 
the breach of certain rules. 

Note. — It follows from this that, if in at- 
tempting to make a stroke the player miss 
the ball, a stroke has to be added to his 
score. It is also reckoned to be a stroke 
if in that part of the stroke constituted by 
the downward sweep of the club the club 
strikes the ground, or is arrested by some 
obstacle. This does not prevent the 
player voluntarily arresting his club at 
any previous part of the stroke. 

4. The '• Tee Shot " is the first stroke 



l6 DEFINITIONS. 

made by each side in the play of any 
hole. (New.)* 

5. A side may consist of one or more 
players. (Rule i.) 

Notes.— («) Experience proves that the game 
is best played by two persons playing^ 
against each other; this is called a single: 
by two persons on a side playing against 
one other person; this is called a three- 
some: by two persons playing on each 
side as partners against another two; this 
is cal led a foursome : by three persons each 
playing for his own hand against each of 
the other two; this is called a three-ball 
match. 
(d) A variation of the three-ball match is 
constituted by one of the players in the 
match allowing the other two to elect 
after the play of each hole which of their 
balls shall be considered to have been in 
play during that hole. This is called 
playing the best of two balls. 
(c) A greater number of sides than two, and 
a greater number of players on a side 
than two, are eccentricities which cannot 
be recommended, with a reservation in 
favour of a three-ball match, which is 
often interesting, and is admissible when 
it does not block the course. 

6. The clubs are the implements used 
for striking the ball. (New.) 

Notes. — (a) There is no regulation club or 
ball. The size of the ball has been de- 
termined by custom; it is almost invaria- 
bly made of gutta percha, hardened by 
hammering or pressure to resist as far as 
possible the wear and tear of the play, 

* " (New) " means that the definition is not 
included in the St. Andrews Rules. 



DEFINITIONS. 17 

and weighs from 26 to 29 drs. The form 
of the club has likewise been determined 
by custom; it consists of a thin shaft, 
varying in lengths from 45 to 38 inches, 
of tough wood, e.g.^ hickory, attached 
either to a head of wood loaded at the 
back with lead, or to a head of iron or 
other metal. The wooden head varies in 
shape and weight, the average weight 
being 7^ oz. ; the length is about 4^ to 5 
inches, with a depth of face of about ij 
inches. Metal heads vary materially in 
shape and weight. 
{fi) The player may have with him any 
number of clubs, and generally employs 
an attendant called a " caddie " to carry 
these for him. He may use for the pur- 
pose of making a stroke whichever of 
these clubs he pleases. A " forecaddie" 
may also be employed to show the way, 
and signal the lie of the balls. 

7. A " Tee " is any spot selected by 
the player upon which to place his ball 
for the purpose of making a stroke after 
the ball has been lifted or out of play. 
The " Tee " may be formed of a pinch 
of sand or earth. (New.) 

8. The "Teeing Ground" of each 
hole is the starting place for the play of 
the hole. A Teeing Ground is indi- 
cated by two marks, metal discs, or 
otherwise, at the beginning of the course 
of each hole. (Rule 3.) 

9. The front of each Teeing Ground 
is defined by an imaginary straight line 
joining the two marks which are placed 
at right angles to the course of each hole. 



1 8 DEFINITIONS. 

and the Teeing Ground consists of a rect^ 
angle formed on the above line with th* 
side boundaries carried to a distance o! 
two club lengths behind the marks. 
(Rule 3.) 

Note.— Twelve to twenty feet between the 
marks is a convenient length of front of 
the Teeing Ground, 

to. The Course, or Links, is any do- 
main within the boundaries of which 
players have the right of playing. (New.) 

ir. "The course of a hole " is the 
part of the course lying between the 
Teeing Ground and the hole correspond- 
ing thereto. (New.) 

12. The " Green" is any part of the 
course except the Teeing Ground and 
Hazards. (New.) 

13. The "Fair Green" or *' Driving 
Course '.' is any part of the course except 
the Teeing Ground, Hazards and Put- 
ting Green. (New.) 

14. A " Hazard " is a bunker, water, 
sand, loose earth, mole hill, path, road, 
or railway, whins, bushes, rushes, rabbit 
scrapes, fences, ditches, or anything 
which is not the ordinary green of the 
course, except, sand blown on to the 
grass by wind, or sprinkled on grass for 
the preservation of the Links ; or snow 
or ice; bare patches on the course. (Rule 
15.) 



DEFINITIONS. I9 

15. A " Bunker " is a sandy hollow of 
natural or artificial origin. (New.) 

16. The " Putting Green'* is that part 
of the green within twenty yards of the 
Hole. (Rule 30.) 

Note. — If within twenty yards of the hole the 
green be intersected by a hazard, such 
hazard is generally deemed to form a 
boundary of the putting green, that is to 
say the green beyond such hazard is not 
part of ihe putting green, even if it be 
within twenty yards of the hole. 

17.' The Hole is a circular, cylindrical 
cavity cut in the Putting Green, measur- 
ing 4i inches in diameter, and at least 4 
inches deep. (Rule 3.) 
Note.— (a) The hole is generally lined, espe- 
cially in friable soils, with a hollow cy- 
linder of metal of the regulation size- 
(3) The distance of the hole from the tee- 
ing ground varies according to the laying 
out of the course; it is usually not less 
than 120, and not greater than 500 yards. 

18. A " Match" generally consists of 
the play of the game over one round of 
the Links. One round is generally 18 
holes, but by agreement a match may be 
made up of the play of any number of 
holes. (Rule 8.) 

Note, — A " Match " is sometimes described 
as " The Long Match," in contradistinc- 
tion to a " Bye." 

19. A " Bye " is a bye-match or event 
played after the match has been decided, 
and there remain some holes unplayed. 

B 2 



20 DEFINITlOxNS. 

It consists of the play of the game over 
the remaining part of the round. (New.) 

20. The " Honour " is the privilege of 
striking off first from the Teeing Ground. 
(Rule 7.) 

21. A " Rub of the Green " is a 
favourable or unfavourable knock to the 
ball for which no penalty is imposed, and 
which must be submitted to. (Rule 22 
and Medal Rule 7.) 

22. ''Moving." A ball is fconsidered 
to have been moved if it leave its original 
position and stop in another; but if it 
merely oscillates without being caused to 
leave its original position, it is not con- 
sidered to have been moved. (Rule 26.) 

23. ' ' Replacing." The act of replacing 
the ball is the restoring of the ball, e.g., 
by hand, to a position from which it may 
have been moved. (New.) 

24. "Dropping." The act of dropping 
a ball consists in the player fronting the 
hole to which he is playing, standing 
erect at a point described in Rules 45; 49; 
50 (4); 57 and 58; and dropping the ball 
behind him from his hand resting on his 
head. (Rule 19.) 

25. "Stymie," a putting-green term 
used when the ball nearer the hole ap- 
parently blocks the path of the further 
ball to the hole. (New.) 

26. "Dormy." A side is said to be 



MATCH PLAY. — ORDER OF PLAY. 21 

*'dormy " when it is as many holes up 
as there remain holes to be played. 

27. ** Match Play " is the term applied 
to the game when it is decided by the 
tiumber of holes won. " Medal Play " is 
the term applied to the game when it is 
decided by the aggregate number of 
strokes made in the complete round. 
The ordinary Rules of Golf apply gener- 
ally to Match and Meadl Play, but special 
additional Rules have been made for 
Medal Play. (New.) 



II. RULES FOR MATCH PLAY. 

Chapter L Rules for the Order 
OF Play. 

28. The game commences by each side 
successively playing a ball from the first 
teeing ground. In case of failure to agree 
as to which side shall have the ' ' honour " 
it shall be settled by lot or toss. (Rule 5.) 
Notes.— (ii) The " honour " is described as a 
privilege, see Definition 20, but it is really 
of little importance, except for determin- 
ing the order of play, and making it easier 
to call the game when any dispute arises 
as to the score. 
(i5) It is only at the first tee that the above 
option applies, and it is the custom of the 
game that the winner of the toss shall 
lead. The rule as to the lead from the 
other tees is absolute, as will be seen 
from below, see Rules 33 and 34, 



22 MATCH PLAY. 



(c) In practice, tossingis seldom resortedto. 
Thecourtesy of starting isgenerally grant- 
ed to Captains of the Club, old Members,^ 
or, where odds are given, to the side giv- 
ing odds. 

29. In a match vsrith two or more on a 
side : — 

(i) The players of opposite sides who are to 
strike against each other shall be named at 
starting, and shall continue to strike dur- 
ing the match in the order so named. 
(Rule 5.) 

(2) The player who shall play first on each 
side shall be named by his own side. 
(Rule 5.) 

(3) The partners shall strike off alternately 
from the tees, and shall strike alternately 
during the play of each hole. (Rule 5.) 

30. Each hole is won by the side which 
holes its ballinthe fewest strokes, includ- 
ing penalty strokes, except where the 
penalty of loss of hole has been incurred. 
(Rule 2.) 

Note,— Penalties are imposed by Rules 42; 43; 
46; 51; 52 ; 53 ; 54; 56 ; 68; 70 [loss of 
hole], and 50, 55, and 69 [loss of stroke] = 

31. If two sides hole out in the same 
number of strokes, including penalty 
strokes, the hole is halved, except where 
the penalty of loss of hole has been in- 
curred. (Rule 2.) 

Notes.— («) For penalties, see note to Rule 

3°- 
{d) In a match of three or more sides, the 
scores of strokes are taken as if each side 
were playing a single against each of the 
other sides. 



ORDER OF PLAY. — TEEING GROUND. 23 

32. The match is won by the side 

which gets njore holes ahead than there 

remain holes to be played, or by the side 

winning the last hole when the match was 

all even at the second last hole, or by the 

side halving the last hole when the match 

was dormy at the second last hole. If 

two sides have won the same number of 

holes, it is a halved match. (Rule 8.) 

Note. — In a match of three or more sides, the 

scores of holes are taken as if each player 

were playing a single against each of 

the other sides. 

33. The side winning a hole, shall 
take the ' ' honour " in starting for the 
next hole. (Rule 7.) 

Note.— A side retains the honour until it 
loses a hole. 

34. On starting for a new match, the 
winner of the match in the previous 
round is entitled to the honour. Should 
the first match have been halved, the 
side which last won a hole is entitled to 
the honour. (Rule 7.) 

Note.— The result of a bye does not change 
this rule. 

Chapter II. Rules for the Play of 
THE Tee-shot from the Teeing 
Ground. 

35. A player shall not tee outside the 
limits of the teeing ground. (Rule 3.) 



24 MATCH PLAY. 

36. A player, or his caddie, may press 
down or remove irregularities of surface 
near the ball. (Rule 16.) 

Note.— The ball may be placed on the teeing 
ground in any manner, and any kind of 
tee may be used; and, short of doing 
damage^ anyone may deal as he pleases 
with the ball and the surface of the teeing 
ground, before the ball is in play. 

37. A side has the option of recalling 
the tee-shot of an opponent, and of com- 
pelling him toplayanotherif theopponent 

(i) Play the ball from outside of the limits 
of the teeing ground. (Rule 3.) 

(2) Take the honour when his side is not 
entitled to do so. (Rule 7.) 

(3) Play when his partner should have done 
so. (Rule 6.) 

Notes.— («) The stroke recalled, does not 
form part of the score. 
(3) The side loses the option of recall if he 
does not exercise it forthwith. 



Chapter III. General Rules for 
THE Play through the Fair 
Green, including Hazards, and 
ON the Putting Green. 

38. After the tee shots have been play- 
ed, theball furthest from thehole towhich 
the sides are playing shall be played first. 
A player may, before his side has'played 
another stroke, recall the stroke of an 
opponent, played in contravention of this 



FAIR GREEN. 2$ 

Rule, and compel him to play another. 
(Rule 9.) 

Notes.— («) The recalled stroke does not form 
part of the score. 
(S) An exception relating to the putting green 
is given in Rule 62. 

39. When any vessel, wheelbarrow, tool, 
roller, grasscutter, box, or other similar 
obstruction has been placed (left) upon 
the course, such obstruction may be 
removed. (Rule 17.) 

40. Wlien a ball is completely covered 
with fog, bent, whins, &c., only so much 
of these shall be set aside, in a line with 
the hole or otherwise, as will enable the 
player to have a view of the ball before he 
plays. (Rule 18.) See also Rule 52 (2). 

Query : Whether the "&c." is intended to 
allow a player a view of the ball in all cases, 
e.g:, a ball entirely covered with sand ? 

41. In the case of an accident to a ball 
in motion the following Rules shall apply. 

42. When the player's ball strikes an opponent, 
or opponeat's caddie, or clubs, the opponent 
loses the hole. (Rule 23.) 

43. When the player's ball strikes or is stopped 
by himself, or his partner, or either of their 
caddies or clubs, his side loses the hole. 
(Rule 24.) 

44. When the ball is deflected or stopped by 
any agency outside of the match, or by the 
fore-caddie, it is a "rub of the green," and 
the ball shall be played where it lies. (Rule 

M.) 



26 MATCH PLAY. 

45. When the ball lodges in anything m<>« .g, 
such ball, or, if it cannot be recoveicd, 
another ball, shall be dropped by the player 
as nearly as possible at the spot where the 
moving object was when the ball lodged in 
it. (Rale 22.) 
Note. — In the case of the putting green, 
see Rule 65. 

46. A ball at rest must be played 
wherever it lies, or the hole given up, 
except as under. (Rule 29.) 

47. The ball may be changed without penalty 

and another put in its place. 

(r) If a ball split into two or more pieces, 

another ball may be put down where 

the largest portion lies, or if two pieces 

are of apparently equal siz«, another ball 

may be put down where either piece lies, 

at the option of the player. (Rule 38.) 

(2) If a ball crack or become unplayable, 

the player may change it on intimating 

to his opponent his intention to do so. 

(Rule 38.) 

Note. — " Unplayable " refers to the 

condition and not to the position of 

the ball, but does not include the 

case of foreign matter adhering to 

the ball. 

, 48. A ball may be lifted without penalty and 

replaced. 

(i) When the balls in play lie within 

6 inches of each other, the ball nearer 

the hole shall be lifted until the other is 

played, and then shall be replaced^ as 

near as possible in its original position. 

The 6 inches shall be measured from 

the nearest points of the two balls. 

Should the ball further from the hole 

be accidentally moved in so lifting or 

measuring, it shall be replac«d. Should 



FAIR GREEN, 27 

the He of the lifted hall be altered by 

the opponent in playing or otherwis«, 

the ball may be replaced in a lie near, 

and as nearly as possible similar, to 

that from which it was lifted. (Rule 20.) 

Note. — It is presumed that if the ball 

nearer to the hole is accidentally 

moved in so measuring, it also is to 

be replaced without penalty and 

subject to the above provisions as to 

lifting. 

(2) When in a match of three or more 
sides a ball lie in any degree between 
the player and the hole, such ball shall 
be lifted. (Rule 32.) 

Note.— An exception relating to the 
putting gr«en is given in Rule 62. 

(3) A ball stuck fast ia wet ground or 
sand may be taken out and replaced 
loosely in the hole which it has made. 
(Rule 13.) 

Note. — It is presumed that the Rule 
should be read as if the word " wet," 
were repeated before the word 
"sand." 

49. A ball may be lifted without penalty and 
dropped by the player. 

(i) When a ball lies on or touches any 
vessel, wheelbarrow, tool, roller, grass- 
cutter, box, or other similar obstruction 
which has been placed (left) upon the 
•ourse ; or clothes, or nets ; or ground 
under repair or temporarily covered up 
or opened, the ball shall be dropped at 
the nearest point of the course, or, if 
in a hazard, at the nearest point in the 
hazard. (Rule 17.) 
Note. — It is presumed that the nearest 
point means the nearest playable 
point. 



28 MATCH PLAY. 

(2) When a ball lies in a flag-hole, or goh 
hole other than that to which the sides 
are playing, the ball shall be dropped 
not more than a club length behind 
such hole ; if the flag-hole be in a 
hazard, the ball must be dropped in 
the hazard. (Rule 17). 

(3) When a ball at rest has been displaced 
by any agency outside of the match ; in 
this case the ball or another ball shall 
be dropped as nearly as possible at the 
SDot where it lay before being so 
dispaced. (Rule 22.) 

Notes. — («) Ic is presumed that the rule 
should be read as if the words "or 
by the fore-caddie" were inserted 
after the word " Match." See 
Rule 44. 
(3) Wind and weather and the like 
are not deemed agencies outside the 
match. 
(c) In the case of balls on putting 
green, see Rule 65. 
50. A penalty of one stroke is incurred under 
the following conditions : — Provided always 
that when a side consists of more than one 
player, a penalty stroke, shall not affect 
the rotation of play of the side incurring the 
penalty. (See Rule 29.) 
(i) When without an opponent's consent 
a ball is touched, changed, moved or 
caused to move before the hole is played 
out, except in the cases provided for in 
these Rules. (Rule 10. "^ 

Notes. — (a.) It is presumed that this 
Rule is limited to the agencies of 
the side to whom the ball in question 
belongs, and of the caddies of such 
side. 
(i.) Moving a ball in act of addressing 
is generally reckoned a stroke of the 
player, not a penalty stroke. 



FAIR GREEN. 29 

(c) The Rules referred to are as 
follows : — 

J^o penalty is incurred. 

{a) Making a fair stroke. Rule 3. 
(j)) Ball unplayable under Rule 49, 

(i) and (2). Moved by outside 
. agency. 49 (3). 
ifi) Lying within 6 inches of another 

under Rule 48 (i) ; in three ball 

match interfering with play. Rule 

48 (2). 
(^ Split! ing or becoming unplayable 

under Rule 47. 
(^) Stuck fast in wet ground or sand. 

Rule 48 (3). Player's ball displacing 

opponent's ball. Rule 64. 

Penalty of loss of hole is incurred. 

(/) Ball moved by opponent or op- 
ponent's caddie. Rule 53. 

(^) Ball moved in hazard. Rule 56. 

(Ji) Foul stroke. Rule 52 (3) (and 
see Rule 43). 

(») Playing out of turn in foursome » 
Rule 52 (4). 

O) Holing out with wrong ball. 
Rule 54. 

(2) When the player, not being in the act 
of making a stroke, or his partner, or 
either of their caddies touches their 
side's ball, so as to move it, or by 
touching anything causes it to move.. 
(Rule 25.) 

(3) When the player plays the opponent's 
ball, except — 

{a) The opponent thereupon plays the 
play er's ball ; in which case the penalty 
is cancelled, and the hole must be played 
out with the balls thus exchanged 
(Rule 27.) 



30 MATCH PLAY. 

(b) The mistake occurs through 

wrong information given by _ the ojj- 

ponent ; in which case the mistake, if 

discovered before the opponent has 

played, must be rectified by placing a 

ball as nearly as possible where the 

opponent's ball lay. (Rule 27.) 

Note. — The Rule is, apart from the 

exceptions, silent as to what is to be 

done with an opponent's ball wrongly 

played away, but the custom is to 

replace it as nearly as possible in the 

place from which it was wrongly 

played. 

(4) When the ball is not played because it 
lies or is lost in water ; in this case the 
player may drop a ball behind the 
water, on the side remote from the hole, 
standing as far behind as he pleases, 
keeping the spot at which the ball 
entered the water, in a line between him 
and the hole. (Rules 19 and 21.) 

Note. — This Rule is an exception to 
the rule as to playing in hazards ; the 
ball may be lifted rrom any water, 
even if such water be in a bunker or 
other hazard, and may be dropped 
not in, but behind such bunker or 
hazard, and see Rule 58, note a. 

■ 51. When a ball is at rest, the penalty 
of the loss of the hole is incurred under 
the following conditions : — 

52. The player's side shall lose the hole. 

(i) When the player or the player's caddie 
presses down or removes any irregu- 
larities of surface near the ball. (Rule 16.) 
Note. — It is presumed that a player's 
partner and his caddie are also 
barred. 



FAIR GREEN. 31 

(2) When before striking at the ball the 
player moves, bends, or breaks anything 
fixed or growing near the ball, except in 
the act of placing his feet on the ground 
for the purpose of addressing the ball, 
and in soling his club to address the ball ; 
or when the ball is completely covered 
with fog (moss), bent, whins, &c., he sets 
aside more than will enable him to have 
a view of his ball before he plays, as per- 
mitted in Rule 40. (Rules 12 and 18.) 

Note. — It is presumed that a player's 
partner and caddie are also barred. 

(3) When the player, instead of striking the 
ball fairly, pushes, scrapes, or spoons the 
ball, or in the act of playing strikes the 
ball twice. (Rules 4 and 24. ) 

(4) When in a match of two or more on a 
side, a player plays when his partner 
should have done so. (Rule 6.) 

Note. — Exception as to tee shot, see 
37 (3). 

(5) When a player loses his ball. A ball 
shall be held as lost if it be not found 
within five minutes after the search is 
begun. (Rule 28.) 

53. The side opposing the player shall lose 
the hole 

(i) When the player's ball is accidentally 
moved by an opponent or opponent's 
caddie or clubs. (Rule 23.) 

Note. — Stepping on the ball of aa 
opponent is generally deemed an 
infringement ot the Rule. 

54. A side shall lose the hole 

(i) When a player on the side has played 
out a hole with the ball of a party 
not engaged in the match, provided the 
mistake be discovered before either 
side has struck oflf from (the next; tee, 
(Rule 27.) 



32 MATCH PLAY. 

Chapter IV. Special Rules for 
Playing through the Fair Green 
OR Driving Course. 

55. All loose impediments within an 
ordinary club length of a ball may be 
removed. A penalty of a stroke is incurred 
when loose impediments (except those 
named in Rule 39) which are more than an 
ordinary club length from the ball are 
moved. (Rule 11.) 

Notes.— (a^) The loose impediment must not be 
in a hazard (see Rule 56). 

(Jb) It is inferred that earth, worm-casts (un- 
detached), and the like, are not deemed loose 
impediments. See Definition 14, and Rules 
67 and 68. Snow and ice should be subjects 
of special arrangement. 



Chapter V. Special Rules for 
Hazards. 

56. When a ball lies in or touches a 
hazard, the club shall not touch the ground, 
nor shall anything be touched or moved 
before the player strikes at the ball, except 
that the player may place his feet firmly on 
the ground for the purpose of addres-sing 
the ball. But if in the backward or in 
the downward swing any gras'^, bent, 
whin, or other growing substance, or the 
side of a bunker, a wall, paling, or other 
immovable obstacle be touched, no penalty 
shall be incurred. (Rule 14.) 



HAZARDS. 33 

A penalty of the loss of the hole is 
incurred by the side infringing the above 
rule, except as provided in the Rules. 
(Rule 14.) 

Notes.— («) The exceptions are as follows : — 
Without Peiialty. 

(a) If the ball split or become unplayable 
another may be put down. Rule 47. 

{d) If the balls lie within six inches, the 
nearer may be lifted and replaced. 
Rul« 48 (i) and 48 {2) three-ball match. 

(c) A ball stuck fast in wet ground or (wet) 
sand may be replaced loo-.ely in the hole 
it has made. Rule 48 (3). 

(d) If whins, fog, bent, &c., completely 
cover a ball, so much of these may be 
set aside as to enable the player to see 
the bail. Rule 40. 

(e) If any wheelbarrow, tool, roller, grass- 
cutter, box, or other similar obstruction 
has been placed (left) upon the course, it 
may be moved. Rule 39. 

(_/) When the ball touches any of the 
obstructions named in preceding para- 
graph, the ball may be lifted and dropped 
in the hazard at the nearest point clear 
of such obstructions. Rule 49 (i). 

(^) When a ball lies in a flag hole in a 
hazard, it may be lifted and dropped in 
the hazard not more than a club length 
behind such hole. Rule 49 (2). 

(A) Query whether a side is entitled to a 
view of its ball under Rule 40. 

With Penalty of a Stroke 
(i) A ball may be lifted from water and 
dropped behind the hazard. Rule 50 (4X 



34 MATCH PLAY. 

(J?) When turf is within a hazard,! t is a moot 

point whether it should be deemed part of 

the hazard or not; generally it is not deemed 

part. 

(f) The definition of hazard (Definition 14) 

makes this rule so sweeping, that explanatory 

riders are some times adopted, as for instance : 

In a hazard, the club shall not be grounded, 

but the act of touching lightly anything 

of the nature of grass, entails no penalty. 

57. A ball lifted in a hazard, as permitted 
in Rules 49(1), (2) and (3), must be dropped 
in the hazard. (Rule 17.) 

58. When a ball is to be dropped behind 
a hazard, the player shall keep the spot 
from which the ball was lifted, in a line 
between him and the hole. He may stand 
as far behind the hazard as he pleases. 
(Rule 19.) 

Notes. — («) In the case of recognised water 
hazards, such as ditches or streams (burns), 
it is the custom to give the player the 
option of lifting if the ball is in the hazard, 
irrespective of its being in the water. 
(jb) For- rule as to dropping ball lifted from 
water, see Rule 50 (4). 

Chapter VI. Special Rules for the 
Putting Green. 

59. Either side is entitled to have the 
sflag-stick removed when approaching the 
hole. (Rule 35.) 

60. When the ball rests against the flag- 
«tick before it has been removed from the 
hole, the player shall be entitled to remove 



PUTTING GREEN. 35 

the Stick, and, if the ball fall in, it shall be 
considered as holed out in the previous 
stroke,. (Rule 35.) 

61. All loose impediments may be re- 
moved from the putting green. (Rule 31.) 

62. In a match of three or more sides, 
a ball lying in any degree between the 
player and the hole must be holed out. 
(Rule 32.) 

Note. — When they lie within nches of each 
other, Rule 48 (i) applies. 

63. When the player's ball knocks the 
opponent's ball into the hole, the latter 
shall be counted as holed out in the 
previous stroke. (Rule 36.) 

64. When, in playing, the player's ball 
displaces the opponent's ball, the opponent 
shall have the option of replacing it. 
(Rule 36.) 

65. When a ball may be dropped, under 
the Rules 45 and 49, it may be replaced by 
hand, not dropped. (Rule 22.) 

66. The player may have his own or 
his partner's caddie to stand at the hole. 
(Rule 33.) 

Note.— The custom is to allow anyone to do this 
service for the player. 

67. The player, or his caddie, may re- 
move sand, earth, worm-casts, or snow 
lying around the hole or on the line of 
his put. This shall be done by brushing 
lightly with the hand only across the put 

C 2 



36 MATCH PLAY. 

and not along it. Offensive matter may- 
be removed to a side by an iron club, but 
the club must not be laid with more than 
its own weight upon the ground. The 
club may be placed immediately in tront 
of the ball in the act of addressing it. 
(Rule 34-) 
Note. — Custom in some clubs includes mole-hills 
as movable. 

68. The penalty of the loss of the hole 
is incurred under the following condi- 
tions : — 

The player's side shall lose the hole 

(i) When any mark is placed, or any line 

drawn as a guide on the ground. The 

line to the hole may be pointed out, but 

the person doing so may not touch the 

ground with the hand or club (Rule 33). 

Note. — The agencies are not named, 

but it is presumed these are the 

player and his partner or either of 

their caddies. 

(2) When any of the players or their 
caddies move so as to shield the ball 
from or expose it to the wind (Rule 33). 

(3) When the player or his caddie presses 
down sand, earth, worm-casts, or snow 
Ijjing around the hole or on the line of 
msput. (Rule 34.) 

(4) When the putting line is touched by 
club, hand, or foot, except as permitted 
in Rule 67. (Rule 34.) 

See above note to (a), 

69. A penalty of a loss of a stroke is. 
incurred : — 

When a player plays before his opponent's ball 
has ceased to roll. (Rule 36.) 



GENERAL. — MEDAL PLAY. 37 

Chapter VII. General. 

70. A side shall lose the hole when 
a player on the side asks for advice from, 
or is knowingly advised about the game 
by word, look, or gesture by anyone 
except his own caddie, or his partner or 
his partner's caddie. (Rule 37.) 

71. Should any dispute arise on any 
point, the players have the right of deter- 
mining the party or parties to whom the 
dispute shall be referred, but should they 
not agree, either party may refer it to the 
Oreen Committee of the Green where the 
dispute occurs, and their decision shall be 
final. Should the dispute not be covered 
by the Rules of Golf the arbiters must 
decide it by equity. (Rule 40.) 



III. SPECIAL RULES FOR 
MEDAL PLAY. 

27. The ordinary Rules of Golf (Defini- 
tions and Rules for Match Play), so far as 
they are not at variance with the following 
special Rules, shall apply to Medal Play. 
(Medal Rule 14.) 

N.B.— Following the order of the Rules in the 
preceding pages, each rule is referred to in 
order hereinafter if (i) it does not apply to 
Medal Play ; (2) its application to Medal 
Play diflfers from its application to Match 
Play ; (3) it is modified by any of the Special 
Rules for Medal Play. 



38 MEDAL PLAY. 

The Special Rules for Medal Play have been 
considered solely in relation to Club and 
Prize Competitions, where scores are returned 
by several sets of players all compfeting 
against each other, and not merely against 
their immediate adversary. 

Chapter I. Rules for the Order 
OF Play. 
30-32. Rules 30, 31, and 32 do not 
apply to Medal Play, for which the follow- 
ing are substituted : — 

( 1 ) The scores shall be kept by a special 
marker, or by the competitors noting each 
other's scores. The scores marked shall 
be checked at the finish of each hole. On 
completion of the stipulated number of 
holes, the score of each player shall be 
signed by the person keeping the score, and 
handed to the Secretary. (Medal Rule 4, ) 

(2) The side doing (playing) the stipu- 
lated number of holes in the fewest strokes, 
including any penalty strokes incurred 
under Rules 43, 50 (i), (2), (4) and (5); 
52 (3) and (5) ; 55 and 69 ; and see 50 (3), 
shall be the winner. (Medal Rule i.) 

(3) If the lowest score be made by two 
or more sides, the result is a tie, and any 
such ties shall be decided by another round, 
to be played either on the same or any 
other day as the Captain, or, in his absence, 
the Secretary, shall direct. (Medal Rule 2. ) 

Note.— It is the custom to-decide ties by playing 
again the exact number of holes stipulated, 
whether that be more or less than one round 



TEEING GROUND. 39- 

33-34. It is the C'lslom to follow Rules 3 j 

and 34 relating to the honour, see next rule. 

Note.— In Medal Play there is no match in 

the sense of the Match Play Rules, therefor* 

rules as to the honour do not apply. 

Chapter II. Rules for the Teeing 
Ground. 
35 and 37. Rule 35 and 37 (i, 2, 3), 
apply to Medal Play, with the following: 
differences : — 

(i) When a player in breach of Rule 35 plays 
a ball from out.- ide the limits of the Teeing 
Ground he shall be disqualified. (Medal 
Rules I and 12), except that according to 
custom the player is entitled to correct such 
mistake by forthwith playing another ball 
from within the limits of the Teeing Ground, 

(2) It is the custom to follow this rule, but not 
to give option of recall. See note to 33-34- 

Note.— Medal Play is rarely taken part in 
by more than one player on one side, but the 
inference is that if a player plays the tee shot 
when his partner should have done so, his 
side shall be disqualified, except that accord- 
ing to custom his side may correct the mistake 
by the partner forthwith pl=<ying the tee shot ; 
but opponents have no option of recall. See 
note to 33-34. 

Chapter III. Genfral Rules for 

the Play through the Faiit 

Green, including Hazards, and 

ON the Putting Green. 

38. It is the custom to follow the Rule 

38 as to ball furthest from hole being 

played first, but the rule does not strictly 



40 MEDAL PLAY. 

a. ply, and a side have not the option of 
recalling the stroke of an opponent played 
In contravention of the custom. 

Notes. — (a) See note to 33-34. 
{b, An exception relating to the putting green 
will be found in Rule 62. (Medal Rule 9.) 

42. Rule 42 is varied as follows :— 

If a side's ball strike the other player, or his 
dubs, or caddie, it is a "rub of the green, ' 
and the ball shall be pliyed from where it 
lies. (Medal Rule 7.) 

43. Rule 43, is varied as follows : — 
When the player's ball strikes himself, or his 

clubs, or caddie, the penalty shall be one 
stroke, instead of the lois of the hole. 
(Medal Rule 6.) 

Note. — The case of the ball being stopped 
by the player is included in Rule 43 and 
(Rule 24), and is not, it is presumed, being 
an offence of like kind to the above, 
intended to be excluded from the above 
Rule and (Medal Rule 6.) 

46. Rule 46 — Application of the penalty 
of loss of hole to Medal Play. 

Query : Whether where the penalty of a 

loss of a hole attaches to the breach of 

any rule which applies to Medal Play 

as well as Match Play, ' the penalty 

(unless expressly commuted) attached to 

such rule on its application to Medal 

Play is disqualification. (Medal Rule 12.) 

Notes.— (a) The Match Play Rules under which 

the penalty of the loss of the hole is incurred 

are not at variance with the Special Rules 

for Medal Play. In three cases, Rules 43, 

52 (3) and (5), the penalty has been commuted 

into the penalty of the loss of a stroke ; 



FAIR GREEN. 4I 

(Medal Rules 5, 6) in one case, Rule 46 into 
the penalty of the loss of two strokes, (Medal 
Rule 8), and in another case Rule 42 has 
been abolished altogether (Medal Rule 7). 
{d) In the cases not legislated for, Rules 46 ; 
52_ (i) (2) (3) (4) ; and 54, the question 
arises : how shall the penalty of the loss of the 
hole be applied to Medal Play? Is Rule 75 to 
be applied, namely : that the penalty for the 
breach of any rule shall be disqualification, or 
Rule 71, namely; that when the dispute is 
not covered by the Rules of Golf, the arbiters 
must decide it by equity. It cannot be 
maintained that the cases provided for by 
these above-named rules are not covered 
by the Rules of Golf, or that they are at 
vaciance with the Rules for Medal Play. 
It seems reasonable to hold that the penalty 
of the loss of the hole renders the play of 
the hole absolutely void, and therefore the 
return of a score for the whole of the 
stipulated number of holes impossible. 
Medal Rule i has therefore not been com- 
plied with, and the rule of disqualification. 
Medal Rule 12, applies. This question is 
dealt with in a note to each Rule in its 
order. Rule 53 is also not legislated for, but 
see note to the Rule, page 44. 

The sections of Rule 48, 49 and 50 are 
added to and varied, as follows : — 

48 (i). Rule 48 (i) is extended as follows : — 
Through the green, a side can have 
the other side's ball lifted, without 
penalty, if he finds that it interferes with 
his stroke. (Medal Rule 9.) 

Notes. — (a) The side whose ball is so 
lifted, should, when it is their turn to 
play, replace the ball, as nearly as 
possible, in its original position. See 
also Rules 48 (i) and (2). 
(i) As to putting green, see Rule 62. 



42 MEDAL PLAY. 

49(3). Note. — In Medal Play the immedlaie 
adversary is not an opponent in the 
sense of the word as used in the Rules 
of Match Play. He is merely a com- 
panion player, and for the purposes of 
interpreting and applying the Rules of 
Medal Play, the inference is that he 
shouM be deemed to be " an agency 
outside of the match." That this is the 
spirit of the Rules may be gathered 
from instances of express legislation, cf. 
(Rule 22), at beginning, and (Rule 23), 
with Medal Play (Rule 7), and see ante 
Rule 42. 
Rule 50 (3) is modified as follows : — 

(i) When the player plays the opponent' 
ball, the opponent's act of thereupon 
playing the player's ball, does not con- 
done the mistake. 

Notes. — (a) If either ihe player or his 

opponent hole out with a ball so 

exchanged, he shall be disqualified 

(Medal Rules i and 12), but 

ifi) The inference is that the mistake 

of exchanging balls may be rectified 

by the player replacing his ball so 

exchanged, as nearly as possible, in, 

and playing it from, the position 

where it lay when it was first 

exchanged. By custom, holing out 

is no bar to correcting the mistake. 

(c) The inference is that the penalty 

of a stroke is not incurred. The 

immediate adver5ary or opponent 

should be regarded as " a party not 

engaged in the match." See Rule 

53 and note to Rule 49 (3). 

50 (5). The following Rule has to be added to 

the sections of Rule 50 : — 

A penalty of two strokes is incurred when. 



FAIR GREEN. 43 

instead of playing the ball where it lies, 

the player lifts it out of a difficulty of 

any description [except water, see 

Rule 50 (4)]. In this case, the player may 

tee his ball behind the difficulty. (Medal 

Rule 8.) 

Note.— According to custom, the player may 

■ tee immediately behind the difficulty, 

and if it occur in a hazard, he may 

tee either in or behind the hazard, 

provided that he keeps the difficulty 

between himself and the hole. 

51—54. The inference is that the penalty 
attached to Rules 51, 52, 53, 54, and their 
sections, is disqualification, instead of the 
loss of the hole, except as under. See 
Notes to 46. 

52 (3). Rule 52 (3), is varied as follows :— 

When the player, in the act of plaj'^'ng, 
strikes the ball twice, the penalty shall 
be one stroke instead of the loss of the 
hole. (Medal Rule 6.) 
Note. — Pushing, scrapmg, spooning, &c.,are 
included in 52 (3), but are a different class 
of offence from the above, and therefore 
excluded here. It is presumed that 
when the player pushes, scrapes, or 
spoor: s the ball, he is disqualified. 

52 (5). Rule 52 (5), is varied as follows : — 

When a player loses his ball, the penalty 
shall be one stroke. In this case, the 
pla> er shall return, as nearly as possible, 
to the spot where the ball was (lasr) 
struck (from), and tee another ball. If 
the lost ball be found before he has struck 
the other ball, the firs* ball shall continue 
in play. (Medal Rule 5.) 



44 MEDAL PLAY. — HAZARDS. 

53. Ball moved by opponent. The inference 
is that no penalty is incurred. 

Note. — The case of a player's ball being acci- 
dentally moved by his opponent, is 
dealt with in ^Rule 23), but is omitted in 
the special rule (Medal Rule 7) which 
amends (Rule 23) for Medal Play. 
The opponent should be regarded as an 
agency outside the match. No penalty 
is incurred, and the ball should be re- 
placed. See Rule 49 (3). 

54. The inference is that Rule 54 is varied as 
follows : — 

When a side has played out a hole with the 
ball of a party not engaged in the match, 
the non discovery of the mistake before 
striking off from the next tee shall not 
cancel the mistake. (Medal Rule i 
and 12.) 

Note. — If mistake rectified by holing 
out with proper ball, penalty does 
not attach. 

Chapter V. Special Rule for 

Hazards. 
56. The inference is that the penalty 
attached to Rule 56 is disqualification. 
See Notes to 46. 

Chapter VI. Special Rules for the 
Play on the Putting Green. 
59. Rule 59 is added to as follows : — 
(i) The flag stick sha'l be removed when the 
play is on the putting green. (Medal Ruleo.) 
It is the duty of the player to see that the 
flag stick is removed. When the rule 
has not been observed, and the player's . 
ball hits the stick, the inference is that 
the penalty is disqualification. (Medal 
Rule 12.) 
Query : If it does not hit the stick, is 
there anj* penalty ? 



PUTTING GREEN. 45 

(2) All balls shall be holed out (Medal Rule 9). 
Ttie side infringing this Rule shall be dis- 
qualified. (Medal Rules i and 12.) 

62. The side whose ball is nearest the 
hole shall have the option of holing out 
first, or of lifting his l>all, if it be in such a 
position that . it might, if left, give an ad- 
vantage to the other sides. (Medal Rule 9. ) 

Notes. — {a) This is an exception to Rule 38. 

{b) It is against the spirit of the game for one 
player to give any advantage to any other 
individual player. Not one, but many are 
competing. 

63. "When the player's ball knocks his 
opponent's ball into the hole, the custom is 
that the latter should not h& counted as 
holed out in the previous stroke, and that 
the ball knocked into the hole should be 
replaced. 

64. Note.— The inference is that opponent's 
ball must be replaced. See notes to 49 (3) 
and to 62. 

68. The inference is that the penalty 
attached to Rule 68 and its sections is 
disqualification. See Notes to 46. 

68 (b). When a player, after new holes are 
made, plays a stroke on a putting green (of 
the stipulated round) before competing, he 
shall be disquahfied. (Medal Rules 3 
and 12.) 

Note.— -By custom, holing out with a wrong 
ball is not va infringement of this rule. 



4C MEDAL PLAY. — GENERAL. 

Chapter VII. General. 

70. A side may not receive advice from 
any one except his caddie, under the 
penalty of disqualification. (Medal Rules 
10 and 12.) 

Query : His partner and partner's caddie 
not barred. 

71. Any disputes regarding the play 
shall be determined by the Green Com- 
mittee. 

72. New holes shall be made for the 
Medal Round. (Medal Rule 3. ) 

73. When a player plays with a pro- 
fessional he shall be disqualified. (Medal 
Rules 10 and 12.) 

74. When a player discontinues "play 
because of bad weather, he shall be dis- 
qualified. (Medal Rule 11.) 

Query : Whether discontinuance owing to any 
frivolous cause is not also barred. 

75. The penalty for a breach of anj 
Rule is disqualification. 

Note. — This cannot apply to the Rules to 
which penalties of strokes have been expressly 
assigned. Query whether it is to be held to 
apply strictly to every Rule to which no 
penalty has been assigned, or to which the 
penalty of t?ie loss of the hole has been 
assigned. It must be taken to apply at least 
to Special Medal Rules to which no penalty 
has been assigned. 



47 



IV. ETIQUETTE OF GOLF. 

The following customs belong to the estab- 
lished Etiquette of Golf and should 
be observed by all Golfers : — 

1. Turf ciit or displaced by a stroke in 
playing should be at once replaced. 

2. No player, caddie, or onlooker 
should move or talk during a stroke. 

3. In Match Play tlie reckoning of the 
strokes is kept by the terms — "the odd," 
"two more" "three more," &c., and 
"one off three," "one off two," "the 
like." The reckoning of the holes is kept 
by the terms — so many " holes up," or 
" all even," and so many " to play." 

4. No player should play from the tee 
until the party in front have played their 
second strokes and are out of range. 

5. The player who leads from the tee 
should be allowed to play before his 
opponent tees his ball. 

6. No player should play to the putting 
green till the party in front have holed out 
and moved away. 

7. A player should not put at the hole 
when the flag is in it. 

8. Players who have holed out should 
not try their puts over again when other 
players are following them. 



48 ST. ANDREWS RULES. 

9. Players looking for a losi ball must 
allow any other match coming up to pass 
them. 

10. A party playing three or more balls 
must allow a two-ball match to pass them. 

11. A party playing a shorter round 
must allow a two-ball match playing the 
whole round to pa^s them. 



V. ST. ANDREWS RULES. 

1. The Game of Golf is played by two 
or more sides, each playing its own ball. 
A side may consist of one or more per^ons. 

2. The game consists in each side play- 
ing a ball from a tee into a ho.e by 
successive strokes, and the hole is won by 
the side holing its ball in the fewest strokes, 
except as otherwise provided for in the 
rules. If two side: hole out in the same 
number of strokes, the hole is halved. 

3. The teeing ground shall be indicated 
by two marks placed in a line at right 
angles to the course, and the player shall 
not tee in front of, nor on either side of, 
these marks, nor more than two club 
lengths behind ihem. A ball played from 
outside the limits of the teeing ground, 
as thus defined, may be recalled by the 
opposite side. 



ST. ANDREWS RULES. 49 

The hole shall be 4^ inches in diameter 
and at least 4 inches deep. 

4. The ball must be fairly struck at, 
and not pushed, scraped, or spooned! 
under penalty of the loss of the hole. 
Any movement of the club which is in- 
tended to strike the ball is a stroke. 

5. The game commences by each side 
playmg a ball from the first teeing ground. 
In a match with two or more on a side, 
the partners shall strike off alternately 
from the tees, and shall strike alternately 
dunng the play of the hole. 

The players who are to strike against 
each other shall be named at starting, and 
shall cuntmue in the same order during 
the match. ^ 

The player who shall play first on each 
side shall be named by his own side. 

In case of failure to agree, it shall be 
settled by lot or toss which side shall have 
the option of leading. 

6. If a player shall play when his 
partner should have done so, his side 
shall lose the hole, except in the case of 
the tee shot, when the stroke may be 
recalled at the option of the opponents. 
_ 7- The side winning a hole shall lead 
in startmg for the next hole, and may 
recall the opponent's stroke should he 
play out of order. This privilege is called 
the "honour." On starting for a new 



50 ST. ANDREV.-S RULES. 

match, the winner of the long match in 
the previous round is entitled lo the 
'■ honour." Should the first match have 
been halved, the winner of the last hole 
gained is entitled to the " honour." 

8. One round of the Links — generally 
l8 holes — is a match, unless otherwise 
agreed upon. The match is won by the 
side which gets more holes ahead than 
there remain holes to be played, or by 
the side winning the last hole when the 
match was all even at the second last hole. 
If both sidts have won the same number, 
it is a halved match. 

9. After the balls are struck from the 
tee, the ball furthest from the: hole to which 
the parties are playing shall be played first, 
except as otherwise provided for in the 
rules. Should the wrong side play first, 
the opponent may recall the stroke before 
his side has played. 

10. Unless with the opponent's consent, 
a ball struck from the tee shall not be 
changed, touched, or moved before the 
hole is played out, under the penalty of 
one stroke, except as otheiwise provided 
for in the rules. 

11. In playing through the green, all 
loose impediments, within a club length of 
a ball which is not lying in or touching a 
hazard, may be removed, but loose impedi- 
ments which are more than a club length 



ST. ANDREWS RULES. 5 1 

from the ball shall not be removed under 
penalty of one Siroke. 

12.. Before striking at the ball, the player 
shall not move, bend, or break anything 
fixed or growing near the ball, except in 
the act of placing his feet on the ground 
for the purpose of addressing the b dl, and 
in soling his club to address the ball, under 
the penalty of tbe loss of the hole, except 
as provided for in Rule i8. 

13. A ball stuck fast in wet ground or 
sand may be taken out and replaced loosely 
in ihe hole which it has made. 

14. When a ball lies in or touches a 
hazard, the club shall not touch the ground, 
nor shall anything be touched or m^ved 
before the player strikes at the ball, except 
that the player may place his feet firmly on 
the ground for the purpose of addressing 
the ball, under the penalty of the loss of 
the hole. But if in the backward or in the 
downward swing any grass, bent, whin, 
or other growing substance, or the side of a 
bunker, a wall, paling, or other immovable 
obstacle be touched, no penalty shall be 
incurred. 

15. A " hazard " shall be any bunker of 
whatever nature : — water, sand, loose earth, 
mole hills, paths, roads or railways, whms, 
bushes, rushes, rabbit scrapes, fences, 
ditches, or anything which is not the 
ordin ry green of the course, except sand 



52 ST. ANDREWS RULES. 

blown on to the grass by wind, or sprinkled 
on grass for the preservation of the Links, 
or snow or ice, or bare patches on the 
course. 

1 6. A player or a player's caddie shall 
not press down or remove any irregularities 
of surface near the ball, except at the 
Teeing Ground, under the penalty of the 
loss of the hole. 

17. If any vessel, wheel-barrow, tool, 
roller, grass-cutter, box, or other similar 
obstruction has been placed upon ihe 
course, such obstruction may be removed. 
A ball lying on or touching such obstruct! 'n, 
or on clothes, or nets, or on ground ui der 
repair or temporarily covered up or opened, 
may be lifted and dropped at the nrarest 
point of the course, but a ball lifted in a 
hazard shall be dropped in the hazard. A 
ball lying in a golf hole or flag hole, may 
be lifted and dropped not more than a club 
length behind such hole. 

I?. When a ball is completely covered 
with fog, bent, whins, &c., only so much 
thereof shall be set aside as that Ihe plaver 
shall have a view of hs ball before he plays, 
whether in a line with the hole or other- 
wise. 

19. When a ball is to be dropped, the 
player shall drop it. He shall front the 
hole, stand erect behind the hazard, keep 
the spot from which the ball was lifted (or 



ST. ANDREWS RULES. 53 

in the case of running water, the spot at 
which it entered) in a line between him and 
the hole, and drop the ball behind hitn 
from his head, standing as far behind the 
hazard as he may please. 

20. When the balls in play lie within 
six inches . of each other — measured from 
their nearest points — the ball nearer the 
hole shall be lifted until the other is played, 
and shall then be replaced as nearly as 
possible in its original position. Should 
the ball further from the hole be accident- 
ally moved in so doing, it shall be replaced. 
Should the lie of the lifted ball be altered 
by the opponent in playing, it may be 
placed in a lie near to, and as nearly as 
possible, similar to that from which it was 
lifted. 

21. If the ball lie or be lost in water, the 
player may drop a ball, under the penalty 
of one stroke. 

22. Whatever happen^; by accident to a 
ball in. motion, such as its being deflected or 
stopped by any agency outside the match, 
or by the forecaddie, is a "rub of the 
green," and the ball shall be played from 
where it lies. Should a ball lodge in any- 
thing moving, such ball, or if it cannot be 
recovered, another ball shall be dropped 
as nearly as possible at the spot where the 
object was when the ball lodged in it. 
But if a b?ll at rest be displaced by any 



54 ST. ANDREWS RULES. 

agency outside the match, the player shall 
drop it or another ball as nearly as possible 
at the spot where it lay. On the Putting 
Green the ball may be replaced by hand. 

23. If the player's ball strike, or be 
accidentally moved by an opponent or an 
opponent's caddie or clubs, the opponent 
loses the hole. 

24. If the player's ball strike, or be 
stopped by himself or his partner, or either 
of their caddies or clubs, or if, while in 
the act of playing, the player strike the 
ball twice, his side loses the hole. 

25. If the player when not making a 
stroke, or his partner or either of their 
caddies touch their side's ball, except at 
the tee, so as to move it, or by touching 
anything cause it to move, the penalty is 
one stroke. 

26. A ball is considered to have been 
moved if it leave its original position in the 
least degree and stop in another ; but if a 
player touch his ball and thereby cause it 
to oscillate, without causing it to leave its 
original position, it is not moved in the 
sense of Rule 25. 

27. A player's side loses a stroke if he 
play the opponent's ball, unless (i) the 
op\ onent then play the player's ball, where- 
by the penalty is cancelled, and the hole 
must be played out with the balls thus 
exchanged, or (2) the mistake occurs 



ST. ANDREWS RULES. 55 

through wrong information given by the 
onponent, in which case the mistake, if 
discovered before the opponent has played, 
must be rectified by placing a ball as nearly 
as possible where the opponent's ball lay. 

If it be discovered before either side has 
struck off. at the tee that one side has 
played out the previous hole with the ball 
)i a party not engaged in the match, that 
side loses that hole. 

28. If a ball be lost, the player's side 
loses the hole. A ball shall be held as 
lost if it be not found within five minutes 
after the search is begun. 

29. A ball must be played wherever it 
lies, or the hole be given up, except as 
otherwise provided for in the Rules. 

30. The term " Putting Green " shall 
mean the ground within 20 yards of the 
hole, excepting hazards. 

31. All loose imppdiments may be re- 
moved from the Putting Green, except the 
opponent's ball when at a greater distance 
from the player's than six inches. 

32. In a match of three or more sides, 
a ball in any degree lying between the 
player and the hole must be lifted, or, i/ 
on the Putting Green, holed out. 

33. When the ball is on the Putting 
Green, no mark shall be placed, nor line 
drawn as a guide. The line to the hole 
may be pointed out, but the person doing 



56 ST. ANDREWS RULES. 

SO may not touch the ground with the hand 
or club. 

The player may have his own or his 
partner's caddie to stand at the hole, but 
none of the players or their caddies may 
move so as to shield the ball from, or ex- 
pose it to, the wind. 

The penalty for any breach of this rule 
is the loss of the hole. 

34. The player or his caddie may remove 
(but not press down) sand, earth, worm 
casts or snow lying around the hole or on 
the line of his put. This shall be done by 
brushing lightly with the hand only across 
the put and not along it. Dung may be 
removed to a side by an iron club, but the 
club must not be laid with more than its 
own weight upon the ground. The putting 
line must not be touched by club, hand, or 
foot, except as above authorised, or im- 
mediately in front of the ball in the act of 
addressing it, under the penalty of the loss 
of the hole. 

35. Either side is entitled to have the 
flag-stick removed when approaching the 
hole. If the ball rest against the flag-stick 
when in the hole, the player shall be 
entitled to remove the stick, and if the ball 
fall In, it shall be considered as holed out 
in the previous stroke. 

36. A player shall not play until the 
opponent's ball shall have ceased to roll, 



ST. ANDREWS RULES, 57 

under the penalty of one stroke. Should 
the player's ball knock in the opponent's 
ball, the latter shall be counted as holed 
oat in the p evious stroke. If, in playing, 
the player's ball displace the opponent's 
ball, the opponent shall have the option of 
replacing it: 

37. A player shall not ask for advice, 
nor be knowingly advised about the game 
by word, look, or gesture from any one 
except his own caddie, or his paitner or 
partner's caddie, under the penalty of the 
loss of the hole. 

38. If a ball split into separate pieces, 
another ball may be put down where the 
largest portion lies, or if two pieces are 
appirently of equal size, it may be put 
where either piece lies, at the option of the 
player. If a ball crack or become unplay- 
able, the player may change it, on inti- 
mating to his opponent his intention to 
do so. 

39. A penalty stroke shall not be counted 
the stroke of a player, and shall not affect 
the rotation of play. 

40. Should any dispute arise on any 
point, the players have the right of deter- 
mining the party or parties to whom the 
dispute shall be referred, but should they 
not agree, either party may refer it to the 
Green Committee of the Green where the 
dispute occurs, and their decision shall 



$8 ST. ANDREWS RULES. 

be final. Should the dispute not be 
covered by the Rules of Golf, the arbiters 
must decide it by equity. 



SPECIAL RULES FOR MEDAL 
PLAY. 

1. In Club competitions, the competitor 
doing the stipulated course in fewest strokes 
shall be the winner. 

2. If the lowest score be made by two 
or more competitors, the ties shall be 
decided by another round to be played 
either on the same or on any other day as 
the Captain or, in his absence, the 
Secretary shall direct. 

3. New holes shall be made for the 
Medal Round, and thereafter no member 
shall play any stroke on a Putting Green 
before compeiing. 

4. The scores shall be kept by a special 
marker, or by the competitors noting each 
other's scores. The scores marked shall 
be checked at the finish o*^ each hole. On 
completion of the course, the score of the 
player shall be signed by the person keep- 
ing the score and handed to the Secretary. 

5. If a ball be lost, the player shall 
return as nearly as possibla to the spot 



ST. ANDREWS RULES. 59 

where the ball was struck, tee another ball, 
and lose a stroke. If the lost ball be found 
before he has struck the other ball, the 
first shall continue in play. 

6. If the player's ball strike himself,' or 
his clubs, or caddie, or if, in the act of 
paying, the- player strike the ball twice, 
the penalty shall be one stroke. 

7. If a competitor's ball strike the other 
player, or his clubs, or caddie, it is a "rub 
of the green," and the ball shall be played 
from where it lies. 

8. A ball may, under a penalty of two 
strokes, be lifted out of a difficulty of any 
description, and be teed behind same. 

9. All balls shall be holed out, and 
when play is on the Putting Green, the 
flag shall be removed, and the competitor 
whose ball is nearest the hole shall have 
the option of holing out first, or of lifting 
his ball, if it be in such a position that it 
might, if left, give an advantage to the 
other competitor. Througliout the green 
a competitor can have the other com- 
petitor's ball lifted, if he find that it 
interferes with his stroke. 

10. A competitor may not play with 
a professional, and he may not receive 
advice from anyone but his caddie. 

A forecaddie may be employed. 

11. Competitors may not discontinue 
play because of bad weather. 



60 ST. ANDREWS RULES. 

12. The penalty for a breach of any rule 
shall be disqualification. 

13. Any dispute regarding the play shall 
be determined by the Green Committee. 

14. The ordinary Rules of Golf, so far 
as they are not at variance with these 
special rules, shall apply to Medal play. 



6i 



APPENDICES. 



A— SPECIMENS OF OLD 

CODES. 

(i) Rules for the Game of Golf, as it 

IS played by the Royal and Ancient 

Golf Club of St. Andrews, 

over their Links, 1842. 

L — Mode and order of playing the 
Game. 

The game of Golf is played by two 
persons, or by four (two of a side) playing 
alternately. It may also be played by 
three or more persons, each playing their 
own ball. The game comm'^nces by each 
party playing off a ball from a place calk d 
the tee, near the first hole. In a match of 
four, those who are opposed to each other, 
and to play off, shall be named at starting, 
and shall continue so during the match 
The person entitled to play off first shall 
be named by the parties themselves; and 
although the courtesy of starting is 
generally granted to old captains or 
members, it may be settled by lot or toss 



62 APPENDIX. 

of a coin. The hole is won by the party 
holing at fewest strokes, and the reckon- 
ing of the game is made by the terms oads 
and like, one niorcy two more, &c. The 
party gaining the hole is to lead, and is 
entitled to claim his privilege, and to 
recall his adversary's stroke should he 
play out of order. One round of the 
Links, or 1 8 holes, is reckoned a match, 
uniess otherwise stipulated. 

II. — Place of Teeing. 
The balls must be teed not nearer the 
hole than two club-lergths, and not further 
from it than four ; and, after they are 
struck off, the ball farthest from the hole 
to which the parties are playing must be 
played first. 

III. — Changing the Balls. 
The balls struck off from the tee must 
not be changed, touched, or moved, in 
any case, except in striking, before the 
hole is played out ; and if the parties are 
at a loss to know the one ball from the 
other, neither shall be lifted till both 
parties agree. 

IV.— Lifting of Break Clubs, &c. 

There shall be no lifting or removing of 
any impediment or obstruction whatever 
on or off the course (except on the putting- 



EARLY CODES. 63 

green, as specified in Rules VI. and 
XIII. )> nor is any obstruction to be bent 
down or levelled with the club. When a 
ball lies in a bunker or sand, there shall 
be no impression made or sand removed 
by the club before or in playing. When 
a ball lies on clothes or within a club- 
length of a washing-tub, the clothes may 
be drawn from under the ball, and the 
tub may be removed. 

V. — Entitled to see the Ball. 
When a ball is completely covered with 
fog, bent, whins, &c., so much thereof 
shall be set aside as that the player shall 
merely have a view of his ball before he 
plays, whether in a line with the hole or 
otherwise. A ball stuck fast in wet 
ground or sand, may be taken out and 
replaced loosely in the hole it has made. 

VI.— Clearing the Putting-Green. 
All loose impediments, of whatever 
kind, may be lifted on the putting-green, 
or table-land, on which the hole is placed, 
which is consid red not to exceed twenty 
yards from the hole. But a ball, although 
lyi ig within less than twenty yards of the 
hole, which requires to be played with a 
heavyr or click-iron, from the broken or 
unevea surface of the ground, shall not be 
reckoned on the putting-green, nor entitled 



64 APPENDIX. 

lo the privilege of lifting loose imjiedi- 
ments- this privilege being limited to the 
green or table-land, where iron or wooden 
•butters are alone used. 

VII. —Rabbit-scrapes, Burrows, 

Holes, &c. 
If a ball lies in a rabbit scrape, ihe 
player shall not be at liberty to take it 
out, but must play it as from any common 
hazard ; if, however, it lies in a rabbit 
burrow, or any of the holes made 'or 
golfing, he may lift it, drop it behind the 
hazard, and play with an iron without 
losing a stroke. 

VIII. — Lifting Balls. 
When, on any part of the course, or off 
it, or in a bunker, the balls lie within six 
inches of each other, the ball nearest ihe 
hole must be lifted till the other is played, 
and then, replaced, as nearly as possible in 
its original position - the six inches to be 
measured from the surface of the balls. In 
a three-ball match on the putting green, 
the ball in any degree interposing between 
the player and the hole must be played out. 

IX.— Ball in Water, or in the Bjrn, 

AND PLACE OF RE-TEEING. 

II the ball is half-c vered or more wi.h 
water, the player may take it ouij tee it* 



EARLY CODES. 65 

end play from behind the hazard, losing 
a stroke. If the ball lies in any position 
in the burn across the first hole, the player 
may take it out, tee it behind, and lose a 
stroke, or he may play it where it lies, if 
he chooses, without a penalty. In taking 
out and re-teeing, the ball shall be placed 
immediately behind the spot at which it 
entered the burn or hazard, and within a 
club-length of the hazard. 

X. — Rubs of the Green. 

Whatever happens to a ball by accident, 
or is done to it by third parties, or by the 
fore-cady, must be reckoned a rub of the 
green, and submitted to. If, however, 
the player's ball strikes his adversary, 
or his adversary's cady or clubs, the 
adversary loses the hole ; or if it strikes 
himself or his partner, or their cadies 
or clubs, or if he strikes the ball, or 
strikes at it twice before it stops motion, 
the player loses the hole. If the player 
touch the ball with his fuot, or any part of 
his body, or anything except his club, or 
with his club moves the ball in preparing 
to strike, he loses the hole ; and if one 
party strikes his adversary's ball with his 
club, foot, or otherwise, that party loses 
the hole. But if he plays it inadvertently, 
thinking it his own, and the adversary 
a'so plays the wrong ball, it is then tQO 

E 



66 APPENDIX. 

late to claim the penalty, and the hole 
must be played out with the balls thus 
changed. If, however, the mistake occurs 
from wrong information given by one 
party to the other, the penalty cannot be 
claimed ; and the mistake, if discovered 
before the other party has played, must be 
rectified by replacing the ball as nearly as 
possible where it lay. 

XI. — Ball Lost. 

If a ball is lost, the player (or his 
partner, if a double match) returns to the 
spot where the ball was struck, tees 
another ball, and loses both the distance 
and a stroke If the original ball is found 
before the party playing a new one has 
come to the ground where it was lost, the 
first shall continue the one to be played. 

XII. — Club Breaking. 

If in . striking the club breaks, it is 
nevertheless to be accounted a stroke, if 
the part of the club remaining in the 
player's hand either strike the ground or 
pass the ball. 

XIII.— Holing out. 

In holing, no mark shall be placed or 
line drawn to direct the ball to the hole : 
the ball must be played fairly and honestly 
for the bole, and pot on your adversary's 



EARLY CODES. 67 

ball, not being in the way to the hole ; 
nor, although lying in the way to the hole, 
is the player entitled to play with any 
strength upon it that might injure his 
position, or greater than is necessary 
honestly to send your own ball the 
distance of the hole. Either party may 
smooth sand lying around the hole, but 
this must be done lightly and without 
pressure, or beating down with the feet, 
club or otherwise. 

XIV.— Dropping Ball. 
In all cases where a ball is to be 
dropped, the party doing so shall front the 
hole to which he is playing, standing close 
on the hazard, and drop the ball behind 
him from his head. 

XV. — Medal Days. 
New holes shall always be made on the 
day the medals are played for, and no 
competitor shall play at these holes before 
he starts for the prize, under the penalty of 
being disqualified for playing for the 
medal. The party losing a ball on a 
medal day shall, after five minutes' search, 
go back and lose three strokes and the 
distance as penalty. 

XVI. — Asking Advice. 
A player must not ask advice about the 
game, by word, look, or gesture, from any 
one except his own cady or his partner. 



68 APPENDIX. 

3tVII. — Disputes. 

Any dispute respecting the play shall bt 
determined by the Captain or senior 
member present ; or, if none of the 
members are present, by the Captain and 
his Annual Council for the time at theii 
first meeting. 

(2) Golf Rules to be observed by thr 
Honourable Company of Golfers, 1809 

1. You must tee your ball, not nearer 
the hole than two club-lengths, nor farther 
from it than four, and the tee must be 
upon the ground. 

2. The ball farthest from the hole must 
be first played. 

3. You are not to change the ball 
struck from the tee before the hole is 
played out, and if at a loss to know the 
one ball from the other, neither of them to 
be uplifted till both parties agree. 

4. You are not to remove stones, bones 
or any break -club in order to play your 
ball, except upon the fair green j but if a 
ball stick fast in the ground, it may be 
loosened. 

5. The player, in every case, shall be 
entitled to lift his ball, drop it at Such 
distance as he thinks proper, behind the 
hazard, and lose one stroke ; but where 



EARLY CODES. 69 

he cannot gel behind the hazard without 
going off the green, he shall be entitled to 
drop his ball on the green, on a line with 
the place where it lay, except it lies on 
any of the roads bounding the links. 

6. If a ball is half covered, or more, 
with water on the green, the player is at 
liberty to take it out, drop it behind the 
hazard, and play with an iron without 
losing a stroke ; and where the ball is 
coiTipldtely covered with fog or grass, so 
much thereof may be set aside, as that the 
player shall have a view of his ball before 
he plays. 

7. If a ball lies in any of the water- 
tracks on the green, it may be taken out, 
dropped behind the track, and played with 
an iron club without losing a stroke. 

8. When the balls lie within six inches 
of one another, the ball nearest the hole to 
be lifted till the other is played. 

9. If a ball be stopt by accident, it must 
be played where it lies, but if stopt by the 
adversary, or his cady, the party who stops 
the ball to lose the hole. 

10. If a ball is lost on the green, the 
player shall drop another behind the place 
where the other was lost, and lose one. 

11. If, in striking, the club breaks, it is 
nevertheless to be accounted a stroke, if 
you either strike the ground, or pass the 
ball. 



70 APPENDIX. 

12. At holing, you are not to mark the 
direction to the hole : you are to play your 
ball honestly for the hole, and not play 
on your adversary's ball, not lying in your 
way to the hole ; but all loose impediments 
may be removed within six club-lengths of 
the hole. 

13. In all cases where a ball is to be 
dropped, the party dropping shall front 
the hole to which he is playing, and drop 
the ball behind him over his head, 

14. Any disputes respecting the play 
shall be determined by the captain or 
senior counsellor present. 

Geo. Mitchell, Captain, 
Leith, 27th May, 1809. 



(3) Rules of the Game of Golf, 

adopted by the Honourable Company 

of Edinburgh Golfers, 1839. 

I. — Order of Play. 

At the commencement of the day, if the 
parties cannot agree which of them is to 
play first, a Toss must take place, and 
whoever wins it plays first or not as he or 
they please. If the party not entitled to 
it pky first at any hole, the Ball may either 
be taken back and played in its proper 



EARLY CODES. JZ 

order, or it may be held as the regular 
teed stroke, in the adversary's option^ 
After the teed strokes have been struck^ 
the Bali farthest from the hole to which 
the parties are playing must be played 
first. 

II.— Place of Teeing. 

The Balls must be teed not nearer the 
hole than two club-lengths, nor farther 
from it than four, and in front of the hole 
as you look towards the hole to which you 
are going to play. 

III. — Against changing the Ball. 

The Ball struck from the tee must not 
be changed before the hole is played out ; 
and if the parties are at a loss to know the 
one Ball from the other, neither shall be 
lifted till both parties agree. 

IV. — Lifting break-clubs, &c. 

On the fair green, grass, or driving 
course, stones, bones, or any break-club, 
wiihin a club-length of the Ball, may be 
removed. Nothing ihat is fixed or grow- 
ing can be removed at any time, either on 
the driving course or Putting-Green. Noth- 
ing whatever can be removed when the 
Ball lies in sand, on the road, in a bunker, 
or in whins. No loose impediment, such 
as turf, bent, whins, that is not a 



72 APPENDIX. 

forea.c-club, can be removed on the driving 
■course, nor is any obstruction to be beat 
down or levelled with the Club. When 
the Ball is in sand, or in a hazard, the 
player must take care, in aiming at the 
Ball, that he does not alter or improve its 
position. If he does so, he loses the hole. 

V. — Entitled to see the Ball. 

When a Ball, however, is completely 
covered with fog, bent, whins, &c., so 
much thereof shall be set aside, as that the 
Player shall have a view of his Ball before 
he plays. A Ball which is stuck fast in 
wet ground may be loosened. 

VI.— Clearing Putting Green. 

All loose impediments, of whatever kind, 
may be removed on the Putting Green, 
which is considered not to exceed twenty 
yards from the hole. 

" VII.— Holes, &c. 

If the Ball lie in a rabbit-scrape, or in 
any other hole, except as below, the 
Player shall not be at liberty to take it 
out, but must play it as from any common 
hazard, or lose the hole ; if, however, it 
lie in a rabbit -hole or burrow, or in a hole 
made for the purpose of golfing, he may 
lift it, drop it behind the hazard, and play 
with an Iron without losing a stroke. 



EARLY CODES. 73 

VIII.— Lifting Balls. 

When the Balls lie within six inches of 
each other, anywhere except on the 
Putting Green, the Ball nearest the hole 
must be lifted if either party require it. 
On the Putting Green it is optional to the 
Player to have a Ball in such circumstances 
lifted or not. The six inches to be 
measured from the surface of each Ball. 
In a Three-Ball Match, the Ball nearest 
the hole, and within the prescribed distance, 
must be lifted, if the third party require it, 
whether the Player does so or not. In all 
•cases where a Ball is lifted, it ought, if 
possible, to be done by a disinterested 
spectator, and replaced by him as nearly 
as possible in the same spot, and the Ball 
itself lying in the same way as it did 
before. 

IX.— Ball in Water. 

If the Ball is half-covered or more with 
water on the fair green, the Player may 
take it out, drop it behind the water, and 
play with an Iron, without losing a stroke. 
But if the water was in a hazard, the Ball 
may be taken out, dropped behind the 
hazard, and played with an Iron, losing a 
stroke. 

X. — Rubs of the Green. 
W^hatever happens to a Ball by accident, 
or is done to it by third parties, or by the 



74 APPENDIX. 

Fore Cady, must be reckoned a rub of the 
gr-en, and submitted to ; if, however, the 
Player's Ball strike his adversary or his 
adversary's Cady or Clubs, the adversary 
loses the hole ; if the Player touch his Ball 
in the course of the hole with his foot, or 
any part of his body, or anything except 
his Club ; or if it strike himself or his 
Partner, or either of their Cadies, or their 
Clubs, or if he strikes the Ball or strikes at 
it, twice before it stops motion, the Player 
loses the hole. If one party strikes his 
adversary's Ball with his Club, his foot or 
otherwise, that party loses the hole ; but if - 
he play it inadvertently, thinking it his own, 
and the adversary also play the wrong Ball, 
it is then too late to claim the penalty, and 
the hole must be played out with the Balls 
thus changed. Or if the mistake occurs 
from information given to one party by the 
other, the penalty cannot be claimed, and 
the mistake, if discovered before the other 
party shall have played, must be rectified 
by replacing the Ball as nearly in the place 
ill which it lay as possible. 

XI.— Ball Lost. 
If a Ball is lost, the Player (or his 
Partner if in a doul)le match) returns to 
the sDot whence the Ball was struck, tees 
another Ball, and loses both the distance 
and a stroke. If the original Ball is found 



EARLY CODES. 75 

before the party playing a new one has 
come opposite to the ground where it was 
lost, the first continues the one to be 
played. But a ball is not to be considered 
lost which is seen to fly on to the road or 
over the wall, on the south side of the 
road at Musselburgh. In that case the 
ball must be played, or the hole lost. 

XII.— Club Breaking. 

If, in striking, the Club breaks, it is 
nevertheless to be accounted a stroke, if 
the part of the Club remaining in the 
Player's hand either strike the ground or 
pass the ball. 

XIII. — Holing out. 

In hol'ng, you are not to place any 
mark, nor draw any line to direct you to 
the hole ; you are to play your Ball fairly 
and honestly for the hole, and not on your 
adversary's Ball, not lying in your way to 
the hole ; nor, although lying in your way 
to the hole, are you entitled to play with 
any strength upon it that might injure his 
position, or greater than is necessary for 
you honestly to send your own Ball the 
distance of the hole. Either party may 
smooth sand lying around the hole, but 
th'S must be done lightly, and without 
pressure or beating down with the Feet, 
Club, 3r otherwise. 



76 APPENDIX. 

XIV.— Dropping Ball. 
In all cases were a Ball is to be dropped, 
the party dropping shall front the hole to 
which he is playing, and drop the Ball 
behind him over his head. 

XV.— Medal Day. 
New holes shall always be made on the 
day the medal is played for : aad no com- 
petitor shall play at these holes before he 
starts for the prize, under the penalty of 
being disqualified for playing for the medal. 

XVI.— Against Asking Advice. 
A Player must not ask advice about the 
game by word, look, or gesture, from any 
one except his own Caddy or his Partner. 

XVII. — Disputes. 
In all cases, where not otherwise 
specified, the penalty for a breach of any 
of these Rules is the loss of the hole. 
Any disputes respecting the olay shall be 
determined by the Captain or Senior 
Member present ; and if none of the 
Members are present, by the Captain and 
his annual Council for the time, at their 
First Meeting, 

N.B.— All Spectators at Golf Matches 
are requested to be silent, and to stand 
still, while the parties are striking, or 
about to strike. 

John Mansfield, Captain. 



EARLY CODES. 77 

Laws of Golf, to be observed by the 
Society of Golfers at Aberdeen, 1783. 

1. The distance from the hole, in teeing, 
shall not exceed two lengths of a club, 
either in advance or aside, and the tee shall 
be on the ground. 

2. While a stroke is playing, none of 
the party shall walk about, make any 
motion, or attempt to take off the player's 
attention, by speaking or otherwise. 

3. The party gaining a hole shall have 
the privilege of striking off first, as long as 
the opposite party do not make good a 
hole — the ball furthest from the hole shall 
be always first played. 

4. If two balls happen to lie so near to 
one another as six inches, or less, the ball 
nearest the hole shall be taken up till the 
other be played. 

5. Until the hole be quitted no ball shall- 
be changed nor handled on aay pretence, 
unless in compliance with the Fourth Law, 
or that the ball happens to lie on ice, or half 
sunk at least in water ; in' which cases the 
player shall have it in his option either to tee 
his ball on the green, behind the ice or water, 
or play as it lies ; if tee'd, the opposite party 
shall reckon one against the player. 

6. No stones, bones, or other break 
clubs shall be removed in a hazard, nor 
on the fair green. 



78 APPENDIX. 

7. If one ball happen to be struck 
against another, or if the player accident- 
ally strike the opponent's and his own ball 
at the same time, both parties must take 
their balls as they happen to lie after such 
accidents. 

8. No person shall be at liberty to vary 
or better his stance in playing, by breaking 
the surface of the green, placing or removing 
stones, sand, or any other substance ; 
damping his feet with water excepted. 

9. In playing on the green, or out of 
sand, loose ground or long grass, no means 
shall be used to beat down the ground or 
grass, or to draw away or make any mark 
in the sand or soil, whereby to improve 
the lie of the ball. 

10. If a stroke is made, and the club 
pass the ball or strike the ground, it shall 
be reckoned against the player, although 
the ball be missed, or the club happen 10 
be broke. 

11. A ball lost in playing shall in all 
cases forfeit the hole, unless when struck 
into water ; as to which vide Law V. 

■12. The party whose ball is missing shall 
be allowed five minutes to search for it, 
after coming to the spot where the ball 
appeared to drop. 

13. If a dog happens to carry off or 
damage a ball in the course of playing, 
the party to whom it belongs shall be 



EARLY CODES. 79 

entitled to use another, and lay it as near 
to the spot where taken from as can be 
guessed. 

14. If a stroke is made, and the ball be 
stopped by any person not in the game, it 
shall be played as it may chance to lie, 
although in a hazard ; the parties being 
obliged to submit to the accident, whether 
for or against the player. 

15. If a ball, in playing through the 
green, be stopped by ihe player's partner 
or their club- bearers, it shall be played 
where it may chance to lie, and the stroke 
reckoned as if no such accident had 
happened. 

16. If a ball, in playing through the 
green, be stopped by any of the opposite 
party or their club-bearers, no stroke shall 
be reckoned against the player, and he 
shall also be at liberty to lay the ball fair. 

17. If any of the players or their club- 
bearers, by standing at or near the hole, 
stop a ball, whether from a putter or any 
other club, the hole shall be lost to the 
party so stopping ; with this exception 
only, that after a ball passes the hole and 
is stopped by a.ny of the opposite party, the 
hole shall not thereby be lost to. such 
party ; but the player shall have it in his 
option either to play the stroke over again 
or take the ball as it may happen to lie. 



8o APPENDIX. 

t8. At holing the player is to aim 
honsiStly for the hole, and not at his 
opponent's ball not lying in the way. 

19 The player shall not be at liberty to 
draw a line, or make any mark as a 
direction for holing, nor shall his partner 
stand at the hole or direct him in aiming. 

20. No stones, loose sand or other im- 
pedimt-nts shall be removed when putting 
at the hole. 

21. When the hole is distinctly in view 
of the player no person shall be allowed 
to stand at it for a direction. 

22. If both balls happen to be holed by 
the same stroke, such stroke shall reckon 
in favour of the player's opponent, and be 
the same as if his ball had been previously 
in the hole. 

23. It is unedrstood that partners may 
consult with, and give verbal directions to, 
one another, how to play, but nothing 
further. 

Golf House, Aberdeen, 

9th May, 1783. 

The above Laws having been considered 
by the Society were approved of, and 
ordered to be strictly observed in future. 



Si 



APPENDIX B. 

SPECIMENS OF LOCAL 
BYE-LAWS. 

St. Andrews Links. 

^ I. When the Green Committee consider 
It necessary, a Telegraph Board shall be 
used to give the numbers for starting. 

2. If the ball lie in any position in the 
bwiican burn, whether in water on not the 
player may drop it or, if it cannot be 
recovered, another ball may be dropped on 
the hne where it entered the burn, on the 
opposite side to the hole to which he is 
playing, under the penalty of one stroke. 

3. Should a ball be driven into the 
water of the Eden at the high hole, or 
into the sea at the first hole, the ball, or it 
It cannot be recovered, another ball shall 
be teed a club-length in front of either 
river or sea, near the spot where it entered, 
under the penalty of one stroke. 

4. A ball in ihe enclosure (between the 
road and dyke holes) called the station- 
master s garden, shall be a lost ball. 

5. If a ball lie within two yards of a 
fixed seat, it may be lifted and dropped 
two yards to the side of the seat farthest 
from the hole. 



82 LOCAL RULES. 

6. Any dispute respecting the play shall 
be determined by the Green Committee. 

7. Competitions for the Spring and 
Autumn Medals of the Club (with the 
exception of the George Glenn ie Medal) 
shall be decided by playing one round of 
the links, and the competitors doing it in 
fewest strokes shall be the winner. 

8. The order of starting for the Spring 
and Autumn Medals will be balloted for 
on the previous evening, and intending 
competitors must give in their names to 
the Secretary not later than five o'clock on 
the previous evening. Any competitor not 
at the teeing ground when his number is 
called shall be disqualified, unless it be 
proved to the satisfaction of the Green 
Committee, or Secretary, that he has a 
valid excuse, such as serious temporary 
illness, a train late, or such like, in which 
case he may be allowed to compete, and, 
if allowed, shall be placed at the bottom 
of the list. The absent competitor's partner 
may start in his proper turn, provided he 
get another player to play wiih him. 

9. Competitors for medals or prizes are 
not allowed to delay starting on account 
of bad weather, but must strike off 
immediately after the preceding party has 
crossed the burn, and, after they have 
started, are not allowed to take shelter, 
but must complete their round in the order 



ABERDEEN (BALGOWNIE) LINKS. 83 

of their start. In cases of stoppage by 
accident or severe temporary illness, the 
Green Committee may allow a competitor 
to resume play. 

10. All private matches must be de- 
layed till the last medal competitors have 
holed out at the first hole. 



Aberdeen (Balgownie) Links. 

1. Bent or rushes shall not be considered 
a hazard. 

2. Should a ball be played into the 
Green -keeper's garden, or ihe enclosure 
round the Club-house, or any field off the 
course, the player shall return as nearly as 
possible to the spot where the ball was 
played from, drop a ball, and lose distance 
only. 

3. A ball played into the burn at the 
Road (seventh) hole, where the course of 
the burn is due north, may be lifted and 
dropped on the nearest grass on the west 
side of the burn, not nearer the hole than 
where it lay in the burn, and the penalty 
shall be one stroke. 

4. A ball laying in any position in the 
ditches or bums mentioned below, whether 
in water or not, may be lifted and dropped, 
or, if it cannot be recovered, another ball 
may be dropped in terms of Rule 19 of 

F 2 



$4 LOCAL RULES. 

the Rules of Golf, and the penalty shall 
be one stroke. The ditches and burns 
referred to are the following : — 

The ditch at the Bunker (third) hole. 
The burn at the Road (seventh) hole. 
The burn at the Long (eighth) hole. 
The ditch in front of the tee at the 

Dyke (twelfth) hole» 
The ditch along the dyke at the Dyke 

(twelfth) hole. 
The two ditches in the hollow at the 
Hill (fourteenth) hole. 

5. Any dispute respecting the play shall 
be determined by the Council. 

6. During the Spring and Autumn 
Meetings, competitors for the prizes shall 
have the priority over other players in 
Starting from the first tee. 

7. Players must allow the parties in 
front of them to hole out before they strike 
oft, for the Bunker (third) hole, the Cross 
(ninth) hole, or the Pots (fifteenth) hole. 

8. Members competing tor the Gold 
Medal at the Autumn Meeting, and 
for the Leopold Cup at the Spring Meet 
ing, must employ caddies. 

9. When ice or snow lies on the putting 
greens, parties are recommended to make 
their own arrangements as to its removal 
or not before commencing their match. 

10. Parties having caddies may pass 
those carrying their own clubs. 



BLACKHEATH LINKS. 85 

Blackheath Links. 

1. Three rounds of the Links are reckoned 
a match unless otherwise stipulated. 

2. If a ball lie within two yards of a 
fixed seat, it may be lifted and dropped 
two yards to the side of the seat farthest 
from the hole. 

3. If a ball lie in a hole made for the 
purpose of, or in connection with any 
other game, sport, or pastime, it may be 
lifted and dropped not more than a club's 
length from where it lay, but not nearer 
the golf hole, being played for without a 
penalty. 

4. Should a ball be played into Whit- 
field's Mount, or any private enclosure, 
the Player must return to the spot as near 
as possible whence the ball was struck, 
tee a ball and lose a stroke. 

5. When a ball lies within a club's 
length of implements used for any game, 
which cannot be removed, or within six 
inches of objectional matter, or on ground 
under repair (excepting roads), the ball 
may be lifted and dropped behind them or 
it without a penalty, but, if in a hazard the 
ball must be dropped in the hazard. 

6. The Special Rules for Medal Play 
shall apply to all Club Competitions by 
scores. 

7. On Medal or Cup Days no competitor 
shall start from the Club HoubC earlier than 



86 LOCAL RULES. 

9 o'clock a.m. or later than 2 o'clock p.m., 
and no three ball play shall be allowed on 
those days. 

8. Competitors for medals or cups hav- 
ing once started are not allowed to take 
shelter or leave the course, but must com- 
plete their rounds in the order of thtir 
start, subject to such charge in their place 
on the green as may be caused by other 
competitors coming from the Club House 
and starting in front of them in the second 
or third round, or from their passing, or 
being passed by, other competitors in the 
event of a lost ball. 

9. Golfers must wait for people and 
conveyances to pass out of their way 
before playing. It is not sufficient to cull 
"Fore." It is earnestly desired that this 
rule may be strictly observed by all 
players. 

10. Members shall always wear their 
red coats" when golfing. 

11. The Captain, Hon. Sec, or Com- 
mittee shall decide all disputes, such 
decision to be final. 



Carnoustie Links. 

If a ball lie in any position in the Barry 
Burn or a ditch, whether in water or not, 
the player may drop it, or (if it cannot be 
recovered) another ball may be dropped 



FELIXSTOWE LINKS. 87 

on the line where it entered the burn or 
ditch, on the opposite side to the hole to 
that to which he is playing, under the 
penalty of one stroke. In cases where it 
is impossible, or impracticable, to drop 
the ball on the opposite side (of burn or 
ditch) to the hole, the ball must be 
dropped within one club's-length of burn 
or ditch. 

Note.—" Ditch " refers to (i) the ditch running 
through the course and into the Barry Bum 
near battery, and (2) the ditch between the 
railway fence and putting green at ninth 
hole ; (3) ditch on south side of dyke between 
eighth and ninth, and ninth and tenth holes. 

A ball in the new plantation to the west 
of the course, or on the railway, shall be 
a lost ball, but in medal play a ball in the 
plantation must be lifted and dropped 
within two club's-lengths of the fence next 
to the hole, under the penalty of one 
stroke. 



Felixstowe Links. 

A ball must not be played out of the 
undermentioned hazards, but must be 
lifted under penalty : — 

I. Ball driven on to the tower— penalty, 
drop a ball where played from, with 
loss of a stroke and the distance. 



88 LOCAL RULES. 

2. Ball driven into the Zareba— penalty 

lift and dropped behind the hazard, 
with loss of one stroke. 

3. Ball driven into the field — penalty, 

drop another ball where played 
from, with loss of a stroke and the 
distance. 

4. Ball driven into enclosure holes IV. 

and V. — penalty, drop so that the 
ball shall not lie nearer the hole than 
the spot from which it was lifted, 
with loss of a stroke. 

5. At the Easter, Whitsuntide and 
Summer Meetings no Competitor will be 
allowed to start after 2.30 p.m. 

6. Visitors desiring to play on the links 
are not eligible for that purpose unless they 
are members of a recognised Golf Club. 

7. During the Easter, Whitsuntide, 
First and Second Summer Meetings, no 
visitor can play before 2. 30 p. m. 



Gullane Links. 



Planks across ditches may be removed, 
but poles to show the line of the hole must 
be treated as hazards. 

A molehill is considered a loose impedi- 
ment, and may be removed provided the 
ball does not touch it in any way, in which 
case it must remain. 



HOYLAKE LINKS. 89 

If a ball should happen to lie in a rabbit 
hole, or scrape, or other place where it is 
unplayable, the Player may lift it out, drop 
it and play from behind the hazard, loseing 
a stroke. 

Should the Player's opponent challenge 
an unplayable ball, the opponent shall be 
allowed to have one stroke at the ball as it 
lies ; and should he succeed in moving it 
more than a club length from the place in 
wJiich it lay, the ball shall be considered 
playable, and the player loses the hole ; 
should he fail in doing so, the ball shall be 
treated as in paragraph 36. 



Hoy lake Links. 

1. If a ball be played into any of the 
fields, gardens, roads, or plantations, not 
forming part of the golfing course or 
throiigh or over any rails or fencing bound- 
ing the golfing course, the player shall drop 
a ball, at the spot from which the first was 
struck, without any penalty save th2 loss 
of the distance. In playing a ball that 
may lie close up to any rails or fencing 
aforesaid, no player is allowed to reach 
over the rails or fencing to play the ball 
from the far side. 

2. If a ball lodge in a hedge or fence 
bounding the golfing course, it must be 
taken out and dropped a club length from 



90 LOCAL RULES. 

where it lay, the player standing facing the 
hedge or fence, the penalty being the loss 
of a stroke. If a ditch be alongside the 
hedge or fence, the ball may be dropped 
a club length from it, or if the hedge, 
fence, or ditch be fringed with rushes, then 
a club length from the latter. No ball 
lifted under any such circumstances shall 
be dropped nearer the hole than the spot 
from which it was lifted. 

3. If a ball lodge in a rabbit -hole or 
scrape, the player subject to the loss of a 
stroke may take it out and drop it behind 
the hazard. Should, however, the rabbit- 
hole or scrape be in a sand bunker or 
ditch, the ball must be dropped in the 
hazard. 

4. If, when a ball lies in a hazard (see 
Rule 14), the player in addressing it, 
touches the ground, grass, rushes, cop, 
bank, or fence, he incurs no penalty, 
provided" he in no way improves the lie of 
the ball, but should the ball lie in sand 
he shall not touch the sand before he 
strike at the ball. 

5. A ball in a rabbit scrape on the 
putting green may be lifted and repla<.ed 
by hand not more than a club length 
behind without any penalty. 

6. When no penalty for the infringe- 
ment of a rule is especially mentioned, 
the loss of the hole in match play, and 



LITTLESTONE LINKS. 9I 

disqualification in medal play shall be 
understood to be the penalty. 

7. A ball in a whin must be treated 
as a ball lost in water. 



Littlestone Links. 

1. A ball lying on the banks of Nashe's 
Run or the Canal may be treated as if it 
were in water {vide Rule 21). 

2. If a ball be played out of bounds at 
the 8th, 9th, or i8th holes, or be resting 
against the fencing, it must be lifted (under 
a penalty of one stroke) and dropped so as 
to lie within a club's length of the fence, 
and not nearer the hole than where it 
crossed or touched the boundary. 

3. If a ball lodge in a rabbit-hole or 
scrape, the player may (under a penalty of 
one stroke) take it out and drop it behind 
such hole or scrape (should the rabbit-hole 
be in a bunker or otiier hazard, the ball 
must be dropped in the hazard so as to lie 
therein). 

4. A ball, lying under the steps in any 
bunker may be lifted (under a penalty of 
one stroke) and dropped behind, so as to 
rest within a club's length of such steps. 

5. A ball in a rabbit-scrape on a 
putting green (see Rule 30) may be lifted 
and replaced by hand not more than a 
club's length behind the scrape without 
any penalty. 



92 LOCAL RULES. 

Luffness Links. 

If a ball lie in a rabbit hole or scrape 
it may be lifted and dropped behind, 
losing a stroke. Should the hole or scrape 
be within a bunker, the ball must be 
dropped in the bunker. 

When ice or snow lies on the putting 
greens, parties are recommended to make 
their own arrangements as to its removal 
or not, before commencing their match. 



Muirfield Links. 

1. If a ball is played over the wall 
bounding the golf course, another ball 
shall be dropped as nearly as possible at 
the place from which that ball was struck, 
subject to the loss of the distance. Balls 
driven into any plantation are irrecoverable. 

2. A ball lying in a rabbit scrape can 
be lifted and dropped behind the scrape, 
under the penalty of one stroke ; but if 
the rabbit scrape be in a bunker, the ball 
must be dropped in the bunker. 



North Berwick Links. 

I. If the ball lie in water in the ditch 
between the second and third holes, or in 
the Eel I turn, the player may take it out, 
change it if he likes, and, standing on the 
opposite side to the hole to which he is 



NORTH BERWICK LINKS. 93 

playing, drop it behind him from his head 
on the line where it entered the ditch or 
burn, under the penalty of one stroke. 
Should the ball not lie in water, it must be 
played where it lies. 

2. Should a ball be driven into the sea, 
it must, if recoverable, be dropped on the 
beach within two club lengths of the water, 
under the penalty of one stroke. A ball, 
if it cannot be recovered, must be treated 
as a lost ball. 

3. Should a ball be driven into any 
of the gardens on the south side of the 
links, into the Ladies' Links, Carlkemp 
Plantation, or over any boundary, fence, 
or wall bounding the Links, another ball 
must must be dropped as nearly as possible 
on the spot from where the first one was 
struck, losing the distance only. 

4. On all occasions a molehill may be 
removed ; and when a ball lies on, or 
touching a molehill the player may lift 
and drop. No penalty. 

5 . When a ball lies near a washing- tub, 
or implements used in the up-keep of the 
links, they may be removed, and when no 
clothes or nets, the ball may be lifted and 
dropped behind them, or the nets removed 
to where the ball is lying ; balls touching 
the poles or teeing-boxes may be lifted to 
within a club length, the distance to the 
hole not to be lessened thereby ; no penalty. 



94 LOCAL RULES. 

The wooden bridges and gates are fixtuxes, 
and not to be moved ; players must take 
the gates as they find them. 

6. When ice or snow lies on the putting 
greens, parties are recommended to make 
their own arrangements as to its removal 
or not before commencing their match. 

7. When a ball lies in a rabbit-scrape or 
rabbit-hole, on the putting-green, it may 
be lifted and dropped ; no penalty. 



Prestwick Links. 

1. When playing past Golf Park House, 
should a ball lie within the railings, it 
shall be a lost ball ; but when played upon 
the railway it may be taken back and 
dropped within two club-lengths of the 
point where it leaves the Green, with the 
loss of a stroke. 

2. Should a ball be played into one of 
the boxes placed on the teeing greens for 
holding sand, it may be taken out and 
dropped on either side of the box, but not 
nearer the hole. Should a box prevent in 
any way a player playing to the hole, he 
can have it removed. 

3. In playing to the wall hole, either 
going out or coming home, should the ball 
lie near or close to the iron wicket gates, 
they shall be considered part of the wall, 
and must not be moved in any way 



PRESTWICK LINKS. 95 

whatever to admit of the ball being played 
more easily. 

4. In going to the third and fourth holes, 
the burn is to be considered the boundary, 
and any ball going over is to be taken back 
and dropped ; the player losing a stroke. 
The same applies to the Monkton Miln 
Burn. 

5. Should a ball, during play, lie upon any 
Putting Green, it must be lifted and placed 
lightly on the ground, on either side of the 
Green, but not nearer the hole, and without 
a penalty. If a ball lie upon the Sea- 
Head rig Medal Green, when playing to the 
Lower Green, it must be played with a 
wcoden putter or lifted and placed as 
above. 

6. Bent or rushes shall not be considered 
a hazard. 

7. If the ball lie in any position in the 
Pow Burn, whether in water or not, the 
player may take it out, drop it on the line 
where it entered the burn, and lose a 
stroke, or he may play it where it lies 
without a penalty. 

8. When ice or snow lies on the Putting 
Green, parties are recommended to make 
their own arrangements as to its removal 
or not, before commencing their match. 

9. .In a hazard the club shall not be 
grounded ; but the act of touching any- 
thing of the nature of grass or whins is 



96 LOCAL RULES. 

excluded frf)m the operation of Rule 14, 
and entails no penalty. 

10. Any dispute regarding the play shall 
be determined by the Committee, or, 
failing a quorum being present, by the 
Secretary. 



St. George's Golf Links. 

1. If a ball lodge in any water, whether 
the water be in a hazard or not, or in any 
hazard of which water is a recognised part, 
the player may either play it where it lies 
or (losing a stroke) drop a ball behind the 
hazard. 

In dropping a ball, under this Rule, the 
player is to keep the spot where the ball 
entered the hazard, in a line between 
himself and the hole. 

The above Rule is intended to apply 
to all casual water, as well as the recognised 
water hazards of the course. 

To give the player the right to drop a 
ball behind a recognised water hazard, it is 
not necessary that the ball should be in 
the water. 

2. The areas of uncut grass on the links 
and fields out of bounds shall be con- 
sidered part of the ordinary green of the 
course, except that when a ball is com- 
pletely covered with fog, bent, &c., only 
so much thereof shall be set aside as that 



ST. George's links. 97 

the player shall have a view of his ball 
before he plays, whether in a line with the 
hole or otherwise. 

3. In a hazard the club shall not be 
grounded, but the act of touching lightly 
anything of the nature of grass is excluded 
from the operation of Rule 14, and entails 
no penalty. 

4. If a ball be driven into the garden 
beyond the fourth Putting Green, the 
penalty is the loss of a stroke and the 
distance. 

5. All the ground within the area of 
the Sandhills known as the "Maiden" 
bunker is to be treated as a hazard. 

6. The ground immediately beyond the 
eighth Putting Green is to be considered 
part of the course. 

Note to Rule 8 of Medal Play. 

7. The player may tee immediately 
behind the difficulty, and if it occur in a 
hazard, he may tee either in or behind 
such hazard, always provided that he 
keeps the difficulty between himself and 
the hole. 



98 SUPPLEMENTARf LOCAL RULES. 



SUPPLEMENTARY LOCAL 
BYE-LAWS. 

The following Rules are observed in 

many Clubs, the Local Rules of which 

are not given above. 

1. No stroke other than a putt should 
be played on a putting-green. 

When a ball lies on any part of the 
course used as a putting-green other than 
the putting-green to which the parties are 
playing, it should be lifted and dropped 
(not nearer to the hole to which the parties 
are playing) on a part of the course which 
is never used as a putting-green. 

2. No one should retard play by un- 
necessarily recording his strokes. 

When a player wishes to keep his score 
of strokes apart from match play he and 
his opponent should allow parties playing 
an ordinary match play game to pass. 



APPENDIX C. 

THE OPEN 
GOLF CHAMPIONSHIP. 

HISTORY. 

The Open Golf Championship was 
instituted by the Prestwick Club in i860, 
and down to, and including 1870, was 
played over the links of that Club. Besides 
money prizes there was as a Challenge 
Trophy, the Champion Belt, to be held 
by the winner for a year and to become 
the absolute property of any one winning 
it for three years in succession. Tom 
Morris, jun., of St. Andrews, achieved 
this feat in 1870. There was in conse- 
quence no competition in 187 1, but in the 
following year a new trophy, the Champion 
Cup, was substituted, and the event 
appointed to take place in successive years 
over the links of the Prestwick, Royal and 
Ancient, and Honourable Company of 
Edinburgh Golfers' Clubs. Previous to 
1892 the competition was over 36 holes, 
and decided in one day, but in that year it 

G 2 



100 OPEN CHAMPTONSHIP. 

was extended to 72 holes and two days' 
play. In 1893 there was anew departure, 
and at a meeting of the representatives of 
the three above-named clubs, it was 
resolved that the competition should be 
extended to England, and that the links of 
the Royal Liverpool and St. George's 
Clubs should be included as places of 
competition in turn with those of the three 
Scottish Clubs. The following is the 
effect of the Minute which now regulates 
the competition : — 

CONDITIONS. 

1st. — The Competition to take place 
annually in succession on the greens of 
the Honourable Company of Edinburgh 
Golfers, the Royal and Ancient Golf Club, 
the Prestwick Golf Club, the Royal Liver- 
pool Golf Club, and the St. George's Golf 
Club. 

The. rotation was fixed as follows ; — 

1893, at Prestwick. 

1894, at Sandwich. 

1895, at St. Andrews. 

1896, at Muirfield. 

1897, a^t Hoylake. 

The competition (which is decided by 
strokes under the Rules of Medal Play) to 
extend over two days, and consist of four 
rounds of 18 holes each (two rounds each 
day) ; in all 72 holes. 



CONDITIONS. lOl 

2nd. — Entrance Money and Prizes. 
Each competitor to pay Ten Shillings of 
Entrance Money, which shall be used as 
part of the Prize Fund, to which each of 
the associated Clubs shall contribute ;C^5 
annually. The Prizes shall amount to 
;^ioo annually, and, subject to any altera- 
tion necessitated by ties, will be divided 
as follows : — 

First : ;!^40 to the winner of the Cham- 
pionship, of which ;^io shall be 
expended on a Gold Medal, and £^o 
given in money to a Professional, or 
in plate to an Amateur Golfer ; the 
winner to have the custody of the 
Championship Cup, but he must, if 
required, give security for its safe 
keeping. 

Second, ;!^2G ; Third, ;i^io ; Fourth, £7 ; 
Fifth, £5 ; Sixth, £4 ; Seventh, 
Eighth, Ninth, £^ each ; Tenth and 
Eleventh, £2 each ; Twelfth, £1. 

The prizes from the Second to the 
Twelfth are for Professionals only, and 
will be given in money. 

3rd. — The General Arrangements in 
each year including the date of the 
competition are left to the Club on whose 
green it falls to be held. 



I02 



APPENDIX D. 

THE AMATEUR 
GOLF CHAMPIONSHIP. 



HISTORY. 



The Amateur Golf Championship Tour- 
nament was on the initiation of the Royal 
Liverpool Golf Club, instituted in 1886. 
For the purposes of carrying on the Tourna- 
ment the following Clubs are associated, 
and are entitled to send delegates to a 
Meeting held once a year at the time and 
place of holding the Tournament. The 
Royal and Ancient, The Royal Liverpool, 
The Royal Wimbledon, The Honourable 
Company of Edinburgh Golfers, The Royal 
Blackheath, Dalhousie, The Royal North 
Devon, The Edinburgh Burgess, Troon, 
Bruntsfield Links, West Lancashire, New 
Club of North Berwick, The Royal Albert 
of Montrose, Lufifness, Tan tallon, Aberdeen, 
King James VL, Alnmouth, Gullane, 
Innerleven, Formly, Panmure, St. George's, 



CONDITIONS. 103 

The Tournament is held annually, and 
the venue is fixed by the Meeting of Dele- 
gates from time to time. It has been 
played at St, Andrews', Prestwick, Hoylake 
and Sandwich, and Muirfield is also on 
the rota. 

CONDITIONS. 

The Amateur Golf Championship 
Tournament is open to all 
Amateur Golfeis, Members of any 
Golf Club. 

1. An Amateur Golfer is a Golfer who 
has never made fo-r sale golf clubs, balls, 
or any other article connected with the 
game ; who has never carried clubs for 
hire after attaining the age of 15 years, 
and who has not carried clubs for h re at 
any time within six years of the date on 
which the competition begins ; who has 
never received any consideration for play- 
ing in a match, or for giving lessons in the 
game ; and who for a period of five years 
prior to 1st September, 188 5, has never 
received a money prize in any open com- 
petition. 

2. Competitors shall enter for the com- 
petition through the Secretaries of their 
respective Clubs, who, in sending in the 
names, shall be held to certify tnat the 
players are bond fide Amateur Golfers in 
terms of the foregoing definition. 



I04 AMATEUR CHAMPIONSHIP. 

3. The Entrance Fee shall be One 
Guinea, and ?HUst be received by the 
Secretary of the club^ on whose links the 
tournament is held, not later than p. m. 
on day, of 

4. The competition shall be played by 
holes, in accordance with the Rules of [the 
club on whose links the tournament is 
held]. 

5. The draw shall take place on the 

day of , and shall be conducted 
as follows : — 

Depending on the number of entries, such 
number of byes shall be first drawn, as 
shall, after the completion of the first 
round, leave 4, 8, 16, 32. or 64 players, 
and one draw shall decide the order of 
play throughout the competition, those 
who have drawn byes being placed at the 
head of the list of winners of the first 
round, and taking their place in the second 
round in" the order in which their names 
then stand. 

6. Each game shall consist of one round 
of 18 holes, except the final heat, which 
shall consist of a match of 36 holes. The 
final heat shall be played on a separate 
day. 

Note. — The above conditions as to final heat 
were passed at a Meeting of Delegates, held 
at St. Andrew's, in March, 1895. 

7. In the event of a tie in any round, 
competitors shall continue to play on until 



CONDITIONS. 105 

one or other shall have gained a hole, 
when the match shall be considered won. 

8. The winner of the competition shall 
be the Champion Amateur Golfer for the 
year, and the Trophy shall be held for that 
year by the Club from which the winner 
shall have entered. The winner shall 
receive a gold medal, the second a silver 
medal, and the third and fourth bronze 
medals, and shall save their stakes. 

9. All entries shall be subject to the 
approval of the Committee of the Club 
on whose links the tournament is held. 

10. All disputes shall be settled by the 
Committee of the Club on whose links the 

ournament is held, whose decision shall 
be final. 

11. The balance of the entry-money, 
after paying all expenses connected with 
the competition, shall be expended in 
providing prizes for the four winners. 



io6 



APPENDIX E. 

MATCH PLAY TOURNAMENTS. 
Method of Drawing*. 

Match Play Tournaments are much the 
most interesting form of competition in 
which a number of players can take part, 
and .'■pecimen rules and forms are appended. 
The entry must close at a fixed time, and 
thereafter, the order of play is settled by a 
form of ballot called a draw. The draw 
takes place as follows : — The names of 
the competitors who have entered are 
written down on a list with a number 
attached to each name. C orresponding 
numbers are written on separate slips of 
paper, which are folded up, placed in a 
box, shaken up, and then drawn out 
one by one. The names corresponding to 
the number upon the slip of paper drawn, 
are written down in the order in which the 
slips are drawn. If the number of entries 
is a power of two, z.^., 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, or 
so on, the draw will be regular, and the 
competitor first drawn will in the first 
heat play the competitor drawn second, 
the thn-d will play the fourth, and so on. 

If the number of en ries is not a power 
of two, then there will be a certain number 



DRAWING. 107 

of byes drawn, that is to say, a certain 
number of players will not be required to 
play , a match in the first heat. The 
number of byes necessary is always the 
difference between the number of entries 
and the power of two next above such 
number ; for instance, 14 entries give 2 
byes, 27 give 5, 47 give 17, and so on. 
This makes the draw regular after the first 
heat, and works out to the final heat with- 
out any more byes. Take the instances 
given : in the first, there will be 6 matches 
and 2 byes in the first heat, leaving in the 
second heat 8 players, i.e., 4 matches, in 
the third heat 2 matches, and then the 
match for the final ; in the second instance, 
there will be 5 byes and 1 1 matches in the 
first heat, leaving in the second heat 16 
players, i.e., 8 matches, in the third heat 
4 matches, in the fourth 2 matches, anr* 
then the match for the final ; in the third 
instance, there will be 17 byes and 15 
matches in the first heat, then in the next 
rounds 16, 8, 4, 2, I matches respectively. 
The Competitors first drawn get the byes,, 
and the others play each other in the order 
of the draw. There is only one draw, and 
it decides the order of play throughout the 
tournament. The winners of the first two 
matches in the first heat play each other 
in the second heat, and the winners of the 
next two matches in the first heat, p'.ay 



I08 MATCH PLAY TOURNAMENTS. 

against each other in the second heat, and 
so on through the list. Those who have 
drawn byes are placed at the head of the list 
of players in the second heat, and play in 
the order of the draw. A draw is some- 
times made more elaborate by writing the 
names as well as the numbers on separate 
slips of paper. The numbers and the 
naires are then placed in separate 
receptacles and drawn alternately. The 
plan above described is simpler, and has 
been found to answer well. 



109 



Form of a 


Draw showing 14 entries. 




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Twosomes. 

1. This tournament is to be played in 
Singles, under the Club rules of Match 
Play. 

2. Any competitor who is not on the 
teeing ground, and ready to start at the 
time appointed for his match to begin, 
shall be disqualified. 

3. Each competitor shall receive as 
odds in each match three-fourths of the 
difference between his handicap allowance 
and his opponent's. A half stroke, or 
over, shall count as one ; smaller fractions 
shall not count. Thus : 





Strokes in 




Strokes in 


Differ- 




Differ- 
ence. 




ence. 


Singles. 


Four- 
somes, 


Singles. 


Four- 
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TABLE OF STROKES. Ill 

4. The strokes received shall be taken 
at the holes as under : — 





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112 FOURSOMES. 

5. In the event of a tie the competitors 
shall continue playing until one or other 
gains a hole. Strokes shall be taken as 
above. 

6. Ordinary matches shall give way to 
matches in this competition at the start 
and through the green. 

7. The Committee shall have power to 
alter or add to these conditions, and to 
alter the handicaps at any time before the 
tournament begins. 



Foursomes. 



1. This tournament is to be played ia 
Foursomes, under the Club rules of Match 
Play. 

2. Any couple not on the teeing ground, 
and ready to start at the time appointed 
for their match to begin, shall be dis- 
qualified. 

3. In the event of a member, who has 
entered, being prevented by illness or other 
unavoidable cause from competing, the 
Committee may in their discretion allow 
his partner to substitute another member 
as a partner, provided that application be 
made to the Secretary or his deputy, a 
reasonable time before the hour of starting 
assigned to the member and his absentee 
partner in their first match. 



RULES. 113 

4. Each couple shall receive as odds in 
each match three-eighths of the difference 
between their aggregate handicap allowance 
and that of their opponents. A half-stroke, 
or over, shall count as one, smaller fractions 
shall not count. 

5. The strokes received shall be taken 
as under : 

[See the Table in Rules of Twosome 
Tournaments.] 

6. Ih the event of a tie the competitors 
shall continue playing until one or other 
side gains a hole. Strokes shall be taken 
as above. 

7. Ordinary matches shall give way to 
matches in this competition at the start 
and through the green. 

8. The Committee shall have power to 
alter or add to these conditions, and to alter 
the handicaps at any time before the 
commencement of the tournament. 



114 



APPENDIX F- 
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II 



ENGAGEMENTS AND NOTES. 



ENGAGEMENTS AND NOTES. 



ENGAGEMENTS AND NOTES. 



ENGAGEMENTS AND NOTES. 



THE USE OF LIFE 



The Right Hon. Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart., 
M.P., F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D. 

Cloth J gilt top. i2mo. $1.25. 



CONTENTS. 



Chapter I. 
The Great Question. 

Chapter II. 
Tact. 

Chapter III. 
On Money Matters. 

Chapter IV. 
Recreation. 

Chapter V. 
Health. 

Chapter VI. 
National Education. 

Chapter VII. 
Self -education. 

Chapter VIII. 
On Libraries. 

Chapter IX. 
On Reading. 

Chapter 



Chapter X. 
Patriotism. 

Chapter XI. 
Citizenship. 

Chapter XII. 
Social Life. 

Chapter XIII. 
Industry. 

Chapter XIV. 
Faith. 

Chapter XV. 
Hope. 

Chapter XVI. 
Charity. 

Chapter XVII. 
Character. 

Chapter XVIII. 
On Peace and Happiness. 
XIX. Religion. 



MACMILLAN & CO., 
66 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. 



BV THE SAME AUTHOR. 



THE BEAUTIES OF NATURE 

AND 

THE WONDERS OF THE WORLD. WE LIVE IM. 

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compel the child who commences it to piirsue it to the 
end. It is a work which cannot be too highly recom- 
inended to parents who have at heart the proper educa- 
tion of their children." — The A retia. 



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BV THE SAME AUTHOR. 



ON BRITISH WILD FLOWERS. 

With Illustrations. Cloth. i2mo. $1.25. 
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so new and fascinating." — PaZ! Mall Gazette. 

FLOWERS, FRUITS, AND LEAVES. 

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SCIENTIFIC LECTURES. 

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Contents: On Flowers and Insects. — On Plants 
and Insects. — On the Habits of Ants. — Introduction 
to the Study of Prehistoric Archaeology, etc. 

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to every one who wishes to obtain a condensed account 
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THE ORIGIN AND METAMOR= 
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POLITICAL AND EDUCATIONAL 
ADDRESSES. 

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